Holistic and Comparing Is the Methods of Assessments Essay

Write a statement explaining how you plan assessment with learners including planning for holistic assessments and comparing assessment methods and adapting methods to meet individual needs As assessment or evaluation is a method of judging the performance of an individual learner, therefore a written record of targets should be written out so that a learner knows what is expected of them and by when it should be achieved. The assessment method should allow the opportunity for reflection as each area of development is completed. It is a valuable source of information which can be used to help learners take control of their learning. When I first go out to visit a learner within the care sector I first establish if they know what their course entails any previous learning they already have. A discussion on their job role is also import at this time. I then get the learner to participate in a learning styles diagnostic in order to establish how they learn best, so that when it comes to providing help and support within their qualification, I can ensure that I provide the information in a manner which best suits their learning needs. I would also get them to take a maths and English diagnostic if they need to do the key skills or functional skills part of the framework. By doing this I can again find out areas which need further development and areas which they are competent in. The information I have gathered here I would place onto their annex A ILP, stating how I would best support them with their learning, i.e.:- booklets or discussions on problem topics. My next step would then be to carry out a skill scan with them to find out which parts of the Diploma framework they participate in and how confident they are in carrying them out. By doing this we can ascertain what areas of the NVQ would be suited to a particular learner. This information would again be added to the learners Annex A ILP By placing all of this information onto the Annex A ILP I can then look at the best way of going about assessing for each criteria taking into account learners individual needs using the best assessment methods for each of the learners i.e.:- *Test *Observation *Past experiences *Knowledge evidence *Question and answers *Witness Testimony It is import to clarify with the learner a safe and valid process of assessment which both assessor and learner are happy with and ensures that it is a suitable method for providing the required evidence needed to hit the required target. By ensuring that a holistic approach to assessment takes place in the planning and collecting of evidence, we can ensure that a wider scope of the frame work can be covered. For example if I go into a care home to observe a personal care activity I may also find that other areas are also covered such as communication moving and handling etc. The assessment method is about assessing whether or not the learner is competent within their field of work, assessing them against the framework set out within the NVQ framework. This can be achieved through using arrange of assessment methods *Test *Observation *Past experiences *Knowledge evidence *Question and answers *Witness Testimony With the range and flexibility of assessment methods available to a learner it has the advantage of allowing assessments to be individualised to the needs of individual learners. It also allows assessment to be carried out in a way that is highly individualised to the needs of the candidate, assessor and the area of work being assessed.

Successful Sportsman

An excellent sportsman incorporates many traits such as powerful physique, keen senses, discipline, calm and yet gregarious and outgoing. Unfortunately, teenagers lack tenacity resulting in the declining of numbers of sportsmen in our country. Little did they know, becoming a successful sportsman just requires integrity and perseverance. First of all, a successful sportsman consumes a balanced meal which consist all the necessary nutrients for enhancing their physique and metabolism. Besides that, more vegetables are included in the meal. It is because vegetables contain important minerals and vitamins which are beneficial to sportsmen. Including nutritious food such as seafood, meat, eggs and others are also profitable to sportsmen. Sportsmen should strongly avert on eating fast food because fast food contains excess amount of fat and salt which is unfavourable and an obstacle to becoming a successful sportsman. Enough sleep and rest is also a major requisite for becoming a successful sportsman. Studies have shown that sleeping for 8 hours is the most suitable and healthy time. Sleeping too much or too less could results in downright situation. Relax after training is too needed as to not over stress the sportsman. Over excessive training could results in tears and wears of your body and does not bring up the consequence that you anticipated. As the most important factor in becoming a successful sportsman, regular training is demanded. Continuous practice with suitable rest is best for a sportsman to prevent over stress. Having a discipline and determined heart is highly valued and necessary in training too. Rebellious behavior will only bring you to be unacceptable in the community. As a good sportsman, a sublime sportsmanship is needed. Avoid from breaking the rules and be prepared to accept losses. You cannot win in every game that you participated even if you are the most excellent sportsman in the world. Finally, a good coach which is charismatic and motivated is a necessity for developing a successful sportsman. A good coach is needed to seek and tap on to a conceal talent buried in a person. A good coach is also important in arranging strategies to raise the winning factor of a sportsman without breaking barriers and rules.

Automobile collision with serious injury

Yes, as a registered nurse and as a human being, I am obliged to stop and perform first aid should I see an automobile collision with serious injury. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, registered nurses (RNs), regardless of specialty or work setting, perform basic duties that include treating patients, educating patients and the public about various medical conditions, and providing advice and emotional support to patients’ family members. This definition shows that there is also the public included among the responsibilities of registered nurses. Nurses have for many years been awarded the top ranking in opinion polls about which occupations are most trusted by the general public.Some people might opine that nursing duties only relate to clinical settings and they tend to focus only nurse-patient relationship. Duties of the nurse exist only within the parameters of the hospital. Some might even argue that such intervention in roadside emergencies can get a nurse int o legal complications. But then, nursing is a profession that the public depend on for support and care especially in emergency situations.Historically, nurses have been associated with emergency responses. In early times, even though nurses were not as much educated and trained as the nurses of today, they offered their nursing services with great dedication and motivation. They were known for their self-sacrificing nature and offering a human touch that says â€Å"I care.† Nursing history is replete with examples of nurses who have knowingly incurred great risk in order to care for those in need of nursing or to contribute to the advancement of health science. In the United States, the Civil War is cited regularly for the role of volunteer nurses and for the stimulus it gave Clara Barton to organize the American Red Cross, which she eventually accomplished in 1881 (Williams, 2003). That humane touch has been characteristic of the nursing profession.The first plank of the Co de for Nurses states â€Å"The nurse provides services with respect for human dignity and the uniqueness of the client, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems.† This central axiom of respect for persons directs the profession (ANA, 1994). The nurse is not at liberty to abandon those in need of nursing care. According to Gebbie and Qureshi (2006), â€Å"The fundamental goal of nursing, to assist individuals to their highest possible level of functioning in the face of health and illness challenges, is never more needed than under emergency conditions†. This means, a registered nurse is obligated to attend to the wounded person in a roadside emergency.According to the Code for Nurses, nurses may morally refuse to participate in care, but only on the grounds of either client advocacy or moral objection to a specific type of intervention. As applied to nursing, a moral obligation exists for the nur se if the following four criteria are present: The client is at significant risk of harm, loss, or damage if the nurse does not assist; The nurse's intervention or care is directly relevant to preventing harm; The nurse's care will probably prevent harm, loss, or damage to the client; The benefit the client will gain outweighs any harm the nurse might incur and does not present more than an acceptable risk to the nurse (ANA, 2006). In the case of the roadside accident, the victims need to be attended to by a healthcare professional. Prompt medical attention by the RN can make a difference between life and death. Moreover, there is no personal risk. Hence there is a moral obligation on the part of the nurse to attend to the victims.Society has come to rely on nursing and to expect that it will rise to the health demands of virtually any occasion. The only problem registered nurses encounter during such roadside interventions is that they may be forced to take decisions beyond those t hey are qualified for. But then, they can be protected by the Good Samaritan Doctrine which is a legal principle that prevents a rescuer who has voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being successfully sued for ‘wrongdoing.’ The purpose of this doctrine is to prevent people from refusing to help for fear of legal repercussions if they make mistakes in treatment (Neumann, 2005).The practice of the professional nurse extends beyond the confines of the immediate setting where the nurse practices to the broader environment (AU, 2006). According to a survey of many nurses all respondents claimed to have medical assistance and would do so again, but about half of them would not do so unconditionally. However, no respondent has experienced legal complications from providing medical help though they had â€Å"heard† or â€Å"read† of such cases. Thus, it is the moral obligation of a registered nurse to help any accident victim in an emergency situation.Crit ique of Journal Article:Gebbie, K., Qureshi, K. in the article titled â€Å"A Historical Challenge: Nurses and Emergencies† (September 30, 2006) reviews the beginning of emergency nursing as a specialty. The authors also discuss the 21st century expectations about nursing during unexpected disaster situations and various nursing roles related to emergency care. The article is detailed and has many links to related articles.The article says that both paid and volunteer nurses have played a huge role historically in fighting epidemics, HIV and AIDS. Later, nurses became known for their wartime services. By the middle 20th century, emergency rooms came into being. Today, emergency care has become a nursing specialty. The authors then point to the growth of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the International Rescue Committee. The role of the nurses in local public health emergencies is highlighted. The authors conclude that nurses have been key players during vario us emergency situations in the past. In the future, any kind of emergency in the community can impact the public's health and nurses are needed for prevention, surveillance and response of every type.At the end of the 20th century, national thinking about emergency preparedness led to two important developments: identification of the key competencies needed for effective emergency response, and increased attention to planning for and practicing emergency response. The authors point out that it was necessary for nursing to identify the core abilities needed to become a part of an emergency response team and perform well. Therefore the UG nursing curriculum was adapted by the International Nursing Coalition for Mass Casualty Education (INCMCE) to assure communities that their professional nurses were competent to respond when needed.The article includes tables that list the competencies for public health workers, and the currently available emergency response competency sets applicabl e to nursing and the sources from which these data can be accessed in their entirety. Today, it has been recognized that there needs to be an inter-agency, interdisciplinary response, and that nearly all emergencies have potential health consequences. The authors conclude that nurses will continue to be key players in the local and national level emergency response as we move through the 21st century and that the fundamental goal of nursing, to assist individuals to their highest possible level of functioning in the face of health and illness challenges, is never more needed than under emergency conditions.The article is written in chronological sequence and is highly informative. The authors discuss present day trends in detail in the context of the terrorists attack on the World Trade Center and Hurricane Katrina. The included tables and references prove to be very useful in understanding the competency sets needed for emergency responses. This article underlines the need for comp etency in emergency response. This means nurses should be given better basic and continuing education and should be trained to meet such emergency situations through hospitals, public health centers, and community drills. Bibliography:Internet Sources:U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Registered Nurses. Occupational Handbook. http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos083.htmAU (2006). School of Nursing: Our Philosophy. http://www.nursing.auburn.edu/about-us/our-philosophy.htmlWilliams, Robyn (2003). ABC Radio National Broadcast: The Ethics of Nursing in the Third Reich. Adelaide Institute. http://www.adelaideinstitute.org/Holocaust/nursing.htmPrint and Journal Sources:Gebbie, K., Qureshi, K. (September 30, 2006) â€Å"A Historical Challenge: Nurses and Emergencies†OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. #11 No. #3, Manuscript 1. Available: www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic31/tpc31_1.htmANA (1994). Ethics and Human Rights Position Statements. Risk versus Respons ibility in Providing Nursing Care. http://www.nursingworld.org/readroom/position/ethics/etrisk.htmANA (2005). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. The Center for Ethics and Human Rights. http://www.ana.org/ethics/code/protected_nwcoe303.htmNeumann, Karl (2005). Are you a Good Samaritan. News Share. Nov/Dec 2005. http://www.istm.org/publications/news_share/200512/samaritan.aspx

View of God in the New Testament Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

View of God in the New Testament - Term Paper Example The promise of a coming Messiah was awaited hoping that He would free people from the bondage of exile, and of subordination. But God had other plans of freedom in mind. It had been some two thousand years ago when a man named Jesus changed human history on earth. He was born in a carpenter’s household, in a manger, by a virgin. He was the prophecied Messiah as the Christian community holds upon. He is known for turning water into wine, for calming the storm and for producing food enough to feed the five thousand. He did not deny the case of Him being God himself—in human form. And with Jesus’ claims, was sentenced to die. He died the most shameful death a man could ever have during their time, a death on a cross. The story does not end there. After three days in the tomb, Jesus is resurrected back to life, he shows up to his disciples, he still eats with them, serves them food, and preached some more. It’s theological significance marked the victory of th e human race against death, against sin, against bondage, and everything else in between. He is soon then raised up into heaven after forty days upon his death and resurrectionand is presently seated at the right hand of God, the Father. The whole story can be of two natures. (1) This person named Jesus was a total lunatic who claimed He was God, a make believe story fanatics have made up to appease their fear of the afterlife—as some would say, or, (2) He changed the eternal destiny for each and every human being’s soul by purchasing with his own life and blood, as how prophecies foretold. â€Å"He has healed the blind, made the lame walk, raised the dead, and preached the good news to the poor.† (Mark) Though the question arises, why is this story still relevant to any of the estimated 7 billion people on earth in the 21st century, including me? And what would this mean for the daily habitual routine of an average American? The story may have been told a trill ion times. Some may have been twisted by some, improvised by many, and forgotten by a million, yet, its claims of being the most historical shifting event have ever offered in the Spiritual sense. It turned around, again in theological aspects, how people would and/or could actually relate and describe a divine. This story of Jesus actually changed the way the whole world can and/or will ever have to relate with the God who was viewed as a distant, angry God hundreds, and even thousands of years before the coming of Jesus Christ. The event gave being to the blueprint of the idea of a God to realting to a sinful human being. In Jesus, a fullness of how a God would walk, talk, act, weep, speak, and mourn was revealed. Jesus was, as described in the Bible, â€Å"is the image of an invisible God, the firstborn over all creation...†. It was a revelation of a diety made tangible and can be grasped. In the study of His life, He is presented as the mediator between man and God, makin g Him equal with God, at the same time, a full human being. He is presented as the Incarnate Person of the Trinity that stands in mankind’s place, this means that when God looks at the human race, He sees the person Jesus Christ instead. The doctrine of the God in the New Testament was a God shown in the person of Jesus Christ who was the sacrificial Lamb that paid the debt of mankind’s sin. This makes the whole difference as far as the Old and the New Testaments are concerned. Jesus is the mark that draws the

Identity Theft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Identity Theft - Essay Example This is the first step in maintaining a secured computer system. Having an open connection to the Internet simply invites trouble. What Dr. Palmer suggest, and most companies to date follow is making sure computers on both sides have a secure tunnel or VPN (Virtual Private Network) connection that can only be initiated from a specific computer with specific programs to negotiate the connection. Without these programs in place, it is much more difficult to breach the system.Other types of breaches can occur as well. There are also instances of backup tapes being misplaced, stolen or even sold by employees. Laptops being left in cabs with confidential information on them, even though company policy forbids it and many other areas of concern. Non-profit consumer rights and advocacy organization have begun to track these breaches. The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has data since 2005 tracking various types of security breaches. A very brief sampling compilation can be found in Appendix I of the hundreds of breaches affecting up to possible 234 million data records during that time period.One such data breach was discovered in Louisiana by a student googling the internet. The Company tried to keep it under wraps but the story was picked up by a local Television station there, WDSU. Aaron Titus, a law school student and privacy advocate, said he found the open door to the Board of Regents internal network using Google. Not only did he find the database of student names.

Nursing Care in Patients with Brittle Asthma Essay

Nursing Care in Patients with Brittle Asthma - Essay Example These circumstances influenced the creation of this paper where the author will discuss chronic asthma, emerging issues relative to the disease, and nursing approach to the identified issues to facilitate nursing care. Asthma attacks take the life of over 1,100 patients every year (Anderson 2007) and 0.05% of this population comprises of patients who suffered from brittle asthma (Ayres 1998). Brittle asthma is a phenotype classification of asthma coined by Turner-Warwick in 1977 as an asthmatic condition with maintained wide variation in peak expiratory flow (PEF) despite high doses of inhaled steroids. After Turner-Warwick’s revelation sprung several more definition from authors who aims to give the condition a more precise identity. Garden and Ayres (1993) claim that a more concise manner to define it would be â€Å"patients with a defined and persistent marked diurnal variation in PEF despite multiple drug treatment.† Nevertheless, this implies a chronic illness with no effective treatment available leaving the patient filled with pain and suffering from dyspnoea. Ayres (1998, p.315) classified brittle asthma into two. The first one is Type 1 brittle asthma, which is characterised by a sustained wide PEF variability over a period of at least 150 days regardless of extensive medical treatment. The other one is Type 2 brittle asthma considered as abrupt acute attacks taking place in less than three hours. This type may occur even on a seemingly normal airway function or a well-controlled asthma. Between the two, Type 1 patients are more likely to be on emergency and admitted on hospitals due to its severe acute attacks and its need for a more intensive treatment. This group of patients with brittle asthma requires greater amounts of medications compared to the other forms of asthma. Most needs prolonged oxygen therapy and higher doses for steroids and bronchodilators. Biomedical management mostly involve steroids, subcutaneous ?2 antagonist, long acting inhaled ?2 antagonist, and adrenaline, which are all costly if given in a longer period and higher doses. On the course of therapy, the patients often suffer from the effects of prolonged drug exposure such as osteoporosis, weight gain, and oesophageal reflux to name a few (Ayres 316). Physical morbidity is tantamount to all chronic illness and its psychosocial counterpart is always present too. Garden and Ayres (1993, p.503) discussed the psychosocial effects of brittle asthma to a person. They suggested that prolonged chronic illness develop traits such as anxiety, nervousness, sensitivity, denial, lower self-esteem and obsession. These trait alterations acclaimed to be due to extremely difficult management. Many of them have run out of therapeutic options and patience and eventually stop seeking medical consult from their physicians. Poor compliance and worsening condition follows from these actions of hopelessness. Studies found out that these patients lacks self confide nce in managing attacks, believes their doctors less, and has an increased feeling of disgrace. Another testified that patients with highest morbidity from asthma often time hesitate in seeking help from clinicians during acute attacks while others do not strictly comply on usage of bronchodilators or still continue to do prohibited habits such as smoking or exposure to allergens (Smith, et al. 2005). â€Å"

Law School Open Memo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law School Open Memo - Case Study Example robbery committed pursuant to the statute is twenty years, or 240 months. Id. Testimony by Dr. Caffrey reveals that she had knowledge that there was a possibility of forseeing the the robbery committed by Norwich. Additionally, the bank teller has stated that she knew that the "gun" toted by Norwich was actually a toy gun. This memorandum is respectfully submitted to address, the issue of psychologist privilege, and the issue whether Norwich's use of a toy gun (as recognized by the victim, here the bank teller) can be asserted so as to fail prosecution pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 2113 (a). I. Background of The New York State and Federal Rule Pertaining to Privledge. Federal law recognizes a privilege protecting confidential communications between a psychotherapist and his or her patient. Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 10 (1996). Although common-law rulings may once have been primary source of new developments in federal privilege law, that is no longer case. Fed.Rules Evid.Rule 501, 28 U.S.C.A. However before determining whether an exception is carved out, the Court will look to the rules of evidence of a particular state, here, New York. Fed.Rules Evid.Rule 501; 28 U.S.C.A. The common law knew no privilege for confidential information imparted to a physician. 8 Wigmore, Evidence 2380-2391 (McNaughton rev. 1961). When a physician raised the question before Lord Mansfield whether he was required to disclose professional confidences, the line was clearly drawn: "If a surgeon was voluntarily to reveal these secrets, to be sure, he would be guilty of a breach of honor and of great indiscretion; but to give that information in a court of justice, which by the law of the land he is bound to do, will never be... 2. Yes, the type of gun and victims knowledge (here the bank teller) that the gun was a water gun is irrelevant because courts have already ruled that toy guns are an intimidating weapon for 18 U.S.C. 2113 (a) purposes. This firm represents Clyde Norwich, a man this firm believes will be charged shortly with bank robbery. Clyde suffers from paranoid schizophrenia and robbed a bank in August of this year. At the time of the robbery, he was under the care of a psychologist who possesses a Phd. in abnormal clinical psychology. The psychologist, Dr. Caffrey, believes that Mr. Norwich ceased taking his medication that regulated his behavior and further admits that Norwich shared his plan to rob the bank with her. Indeed, Mr. Norwich robbed the bank that he had specifically identified during treatment. Norwich is expected to be charged pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 2113 (a). original form was as follows: "No person authorized to practice physic or surgery shall be allowed to disclose any information which he may have acquired in attending any patient, in a professional character, and which information was necessary to enable him to prescribe for such

Is Increasing Profits the Only Social Responsibility of Business Assignment

Is Increasing Profits the Only Social Responsibility of Business - Assignment Example It will also give my opinion as to whether businesses have more to do socially than make profits. As the author of the critical letter points out, both views are relevant in their own right. However, I disagree with an aspect pointed out by Friedman because he contradicts himself. This is when he says that the only social responsibility of businesses is to increase profits provided they are within the law and also without fraud and deception. He further goes on to say that it is not a business’ responsibility to avoid pollution, abolish discrimination and provide employment (Friedman, 1970). That is a very irresponsible statement from Friedman because committing the three acts he has highlighted is not within the law for a business. Being an artificial person does not absolve a business from its responsibilities to the society in which it operates. Conversely, my opinion is that Porter and Kramer are rational in what they believe businesses should do to society. They provide that it is not prudent for businesses to neglect the welfare of the society which forms their customers and suppliers. Letting the environment degrade by, for example, not avoiding pollution, as suggested by Friedman, depletes natural resources critical to businesses and the society (Porter & Kramer, 2011). I also agree with Porter and Kramer that although businesses need to take the initiative to bring society and themselves back together, they are stuck in thoughts that social responsibility is not at the core of business but at the periphery. I believe it is in the best interest of businesses to be surrounded by a healthy society, and they should consider society as a key resource to their businesses. The idea of shared value may be costly for businesses to initiate and implement, but once in place, it will be mutually profitable to them and society and generations that are yet to come (Porter & Kramer, 2011). In conclusion, businesses, and Friedman, must

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Management - Essay Example s paper outlines the activities that can be involved when building a new house. This initiative has been underscored after realizing that it is wise to build a personal house than rely on rented accommodation. There are various factors such as financial issues that are involved in this work. It is also important for the individual involved to procure the place to build a house first before undertaking any construction work. The paper is divided into different categories that outline the different phases that can be involved in building a house. Business case: Financial and other considerations The business case involves building a house and the set budget for completing this project is ?25Â  000. However, a supplementary budget of ?5Â  000 has been set aside for this particular project. In order to complete this project there are different considerations that ought to be taken into account. There is need to procure raw materials that can be used in carrying out this project. There is also need to hire contractors who can execute this particular task. Planning assumptions and external constraints As is often the case when a project needs to be completed, proactive steps such as research, planning, communication, and review are often seen as basic tenets of project success (Josler & Burger, 2005). Basically, the term project is used to describe a set of activities that are linked and they are directed towards the attainment of a certain goal (Hellriegel 2001). A project can also be described as a onetime activity with a definite start and finish. As such, through utilization of project management methodology, a project can be completed within the expected time frame, on budget as well meeting the expected standards that satisfy all the stakeholders who may be involved. In this case, the baseline of the project is to carry out a feasibility study to establish if the project can be manageable. This is followed by outlining the cost and benefit analysis of the pro ject where the objectives are also set. When planning a project, the steps needed to obtain the goals of a project need to be outlined since this gives the team members direction to follow. A risk assessment ought to be carried out. In this case where a project involving the construction of a house is being undertaken, there are external constraints that can be encountered. As discussed in detail below, it can be noted that some of the external constraints may include the unprecedented changes in the price of raw materials used for building the house. Fluctuating labour costs can also affect the project hence the need to put contingency plans in place in order to deal with such a scenario. Options considered There are various external constraints that are likely to be encountered when carrying out a project. However, certain measures ought to be implemented in such a scenario. The last part of the paper outlines some of the contingent measures that can be implemented in case of chal lenges that can derail the progress being encountered. Benefits of building own house There are many

Media Portrayal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media Portrayal - Essay Example This essay discusse the connections between modern information, communication and the individuals with disabilities issue. Today, people can get information from various sources, that is mostly may be accessed with the help of mass media. Mass media is a term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience. It was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks and of mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. Unfortunately individuals with disabilities to a great extend are limited by not being able to make use of such opportunities. Access to communications and information can be available through many sources such as: newspapers, magazines, television programs, and movies, Internet etc. Depending on the type of disability i.e. deafness, blindness, and so on the individuals with disabilities are limited having no access to appropriate source of the information. This essay raises the question o f vital importance for the international community today, that is to create and promote approaches and technologies that will allow everyone including individuals with disabilities to get, to utilize, to exchange and to create information and knowledge. The researcher focuses on introducing the topic and analyzes in details many examples of mass-media articles, movies and tv-shows related to the individuals with disabilities issue. Some examples that were mentioned in the essay: Touch the Sound, Zatoichi, Be with me movies, etc.

Asch Conformity Experment Essay Example for Free

Asch Conformity Experment Essay The Asch Paradigm Majority Influence Introduction In this essay i will discuss the experiment that Solomon Asch’s conducted in (1950) were his main was aim was to discover how majority influence can affect one individual judgment and how pressure from the majority can pressurise one person to Conform, I will also evaluate his research method, the results and the findings he attained. Aim S Solomon Asch’s had disapproved of the Conformity experiment conducted by Muzzafer Sherriff as Asch had felt that sheriffs visual illusion known as the auto kinnect didn’t really show any results of conformity as the participants were asked to take part in an ambiguous task were they were just asked to point out how far the a light travelled in a dark room, Asch believed that Sherrifs experiment clearly had no right or wrong answer so it was impossible for the experiment to show any results of conformity in a group situation. Asch figured the only way to measure the rates of conformity was to place an individual in a group situation were they would be influenced by the majority even if they knew their group was giving incorrect answers on a task that was ambiguous and obviously correct. The Method (laboratory experiment)

The Influence That Criminology Has Had on the Criminal Justice System Since 1750 Essay Example for Free

The Influence That Criminology Has Had on the Criminal Justice System Since 1750 Essay The question is what is criminology and what effect has it had on the criminal justice system? The study of criminology has had a significant effect on the criminal justice system since the 1700’s. There are three main schools of thought within criminology, they are -Classicist -Positivist -Chicago/Subculture theory Discussion Criminology is the study of causation, correction and the prevention of crime. Criminology was brought about during the late 18th century when people sought the reform of the criminal justice and penal systems. This was because they saw the system at the time as cruel and inhuman, because the systems were applied unequally and were subject to large amounts of corruption. They were seen as inhuman as they often used death or torture as forms of punishment no matter what the crime committed was (Farlex, n. d). During the early 18th century there is an obvious decrease in the amount of power held by the church and an increase in poverty. Also at this time there is a marked increase in crimes being committed. There was a great need to establish a better criminal justice system (Dawkin, J, 2011). This brought about the classicist school of thought, the leading writer within classicist theory is Cesare Banesano Beccaria (1738-1794) he wanted the law to apply equally to everyone, instead of some people being able to buy their way out of punishments others who held positions within society which allowed them to be exempt. Baccaria also wanted crimes to hold specific punishments and that these punishments should be standardised by legislatures, he believed this would avoid abuses of power within both the criminal justice system and also the penal system to some extent (Farlex, n. ). Jeremy Benthem, was also a leading writer of classicist theory, both he and Baccaria wrote that all people are rational and have free will, so therefore commit crime by choice. Benthem also believed that people made the choices they did because they are seeking pleasure and that people will avoid causing themselves pain. Baccaria and Benthem concluded that the punishment received for committing a crime could be seen as a form of pain and so should be one greater than the pleasure gain from committing that crime (Farlex, n. d) The beliefs: -That all people are rational People commit crime by choice -The punishment of a crime should be equal to the pleasure gained create the foundation of what is seen as classicist theory today, classicists believe that preventing crime is as important as punishing crime but also that it is important restrict people as little as possible. (Farlex, n. d) During the 19th century it was noticed that even though there had been changes made to the criminal justice system, in line with classicist theory, there did not appear to be any changes to the crime rates (Dawkins, J, 2011). At this time positivist theory were becoming apparent, they give a more scientific approach to criminology, Cesare Lombroso was the most well know of the positivist writers. Lombroso was mainly influenced by Dawins theory of evolution, he believed that a persons physical features could determine whether they were likely to display criminal behaviour. Lombroso believed that a persons cranial, skeletal and neurological malformations could give a clue to whether a person would commit a crime or not, he believed that biology created aa criminal class. However since lambroso wrote about this theory, he has been disagreed with harshly (Farlex, n. d) Lombroso did have a much bigger effect on criminology, when he emphasized the difference causes of crime, those included environmental causes that have no biological basis (Farlex, n. d) he also believed that somebody could be born a criminal and that criminality was not a choice but in you genes, this is known as â€Å"Atauism† (Akeis, R. L and Sellor, C. S, 2004) The Chicago school is the scientific study of social problems, if there is an understanding of how social, physical and environmental factors affect people then by studying them it may be possible to find a solution to them. This school of thought believes that the community plays a big factor in how and why people behave the way that they do (umsl, n. d. ). Albert Cohen was the first sociologist to develop a Chicago/subculture theory. The main idea within the Chicago theory is that the area people live in has a direct effect on the way in which those people act. In particular the study looks at younger boys who have underachieved in education, living in inner city areas. Cohen found that mainstream values of success created problems for young working class males -They did badly at school -They failed to gain the skills needed to succeed in society Cohen coined the term â€Å"Status Frustration† to describe the way in which young working clss males became easily frustrated with their low status in society as a result of their lack of income and they underachievement. Due to status frustration and all the elements that cause status frustration they are often labelled by their peers and elders which results in them getting little respect, this often leaves young working class males to believe that there is no other alternative than committing crime, specifically stealing the things that they want in order to stop being labelled as a â€Å"loser† and gain the respect that they crave from the peers and elders (Smith . D, n. d). The subculture that these young working class males often belong to actually support the idea that school in a â€Å"waste of time† and â€Å"not and important part of their future†, which leads to them believe that they do not need to succeed within education (Smith . D, n. d) â€Å"Members of such subcultures take the norms and values of mainstream society and turn them â€Å"upside down†, where as anti-social and criminal behaviour is looked down upon by wider society, it is highly valued by the delinquent subculture† The consequences of turning mainstream norms and values on their head, provides a release from subculture frustration. By succeeding the norms and values they created the young working class males gain respect from their peers, which in turn encourages this criminal behaviour. Among certain peer groups the committing of some types of crime such as joy riding and vandalism helps to gain respect and to increase their status within their social group (Smith . D, n. d) The current criminal justice system is based almost completely on the posivitist and classicist theories, these make little or no allowance for why women commit crime. If there is no understanding of this, how can there be an accurate solution? People should look at a gender specific approach to the criminal justice system (Sentencing project, n. d). Feminist criminology is mostly concerned with the victimisation of women, along with victimisation; feminists also look at female delinquency, and inequality between genders within both the law and the criminal justice system (hermida. J, n. d) Feminist’s theory is split into four main areas: -Liberal Feminism -Marxist Feminism Radical Feminism -Socialist Feminism Liberal feminism came about in the 1960’s; there main issue is that women are discriminated against because of their sex. The two most well-known of liberal feminist theorists are Freda Alder and Rita Simon (hermida. J, n. d) Both Alder and Simon challenge the â€Å"sexist† assertions made by Lombrosian criminologists. They believe that it is sociological factors and not physiological factors that are the best way to explain why women commit crime in today’s society. They also believe that the more women become involved in and have full time jobs the more likely they are to commit crime that are seen to be male orientated, but this lack support as most crimes committed by women are not related to labour market opportunities (hermida. J, n. d). Marxist feminist theory generally agrees with liberal feminists is that women are often dominated by men which prevent them from fully participating in society. They believe that rape is made more common in our society because of how women are dominated by men, they believe that society has made it more acceptable in our society (hermida. J, n. d). Radical feminism focus mainly on the abuse of women, the see male power as the cause of all problems in society including crime (hermida. J, n. d). Socialist feminists’ most well-known theorists are Piers Beirre and James Masserschmidt. It comes from both Marxist and radical feminism; they see crime as a product of our capitalism society (hermida. J, n. d) Conclusion Since the 1700’s when people began to want change within the criminal justice system and the penal system, criminology has had a big effect on the changes made within the criminal justice system. Initially the new criminal justice system was just based on the classicist point of view and when there was no change in the crime rates, it was changed again to include both the classicist, positivist and subculture theories. There are still changes that need to be made as there is no consideration made for feminism and why women are committing more crime in today’s society than ever before.

The History Of The Bionic Eye

The History Of The Bionic Eye Here, we present a description of a block scheme, specific features of design and results of testing for a prototype of a bionic eye, types of them and its applications. The bionic eye is intended to provide vision, partially to the visually impaired by use of the modern day electronics devices like CCD cameras. The comprises a computer chip that sits in the back of the individuals eye, linked up to a mini video camera built into glasses that they wear. Images captured by the camera are beamed to the chip, which translates them into impulses that the brain can interpret. Although the images produced by the artificial eye were far from perfect, they could be clear enough to allow someone who is otherwise blind to recognize faces. The paper discusses the differences working methodologies used in each of them. During the tests and the clinical trails, this device made six blind people to regain their vision partially. The potential advantage of using bionic eye is to be able to remove t he blindness completely by making the advances in the present research and improving manufacturing technologies. This break through is likely to benefit approximately one crore world population who suffer from the most common causes of blindness, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Macular Degeneration. The implant bypasses the diseased cells in the retina and stimulates the remaining viable cells. This is a revolutionary piece of technology and really has the potential to change peoples lives. But we need to be aware it is still some way in the future. INTRODUCTION A Bionic Eye is a device, which acts as an artificial eye. It is a broad term for the entire electronics system consisting of the image sensors, processors, radio transmitters receivers, and the retinal chip. Based on the institute developed these devices are developed but with minor to major differences, of these the devices with functional capability and those which are clinically tested and results proved are discussed here. Here the designers objective is to go for a system that is technically perfect with no loop holes and that is harmless to the human body which receives the system and that is commercially viable both in terms of ease of manufacture, cost and the process of implanting. Blindness means loss of vision. Rods and Cones, millions of them are in the back of every healthy human eye. They are biological solar cells in the retina that convert light to electrical impulses impulses that travel along the optic nerve to the brain where images are formed. Without them, eyes lose the capacity to see, and are declared blind. Degenerative retinal diseases result in death of photoreceptorsrod-shaped cells at the retinas periphery responsible for night vision and cone-shaped cells at its center responsible for color vision. Worldwide, 1.5 million people suffer from retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the leading cause of inherited blindness. In the Western world, agerelated macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of vision loss in people over age 65, and the issue is becoming more critical as the population ages. Each year, 700,000 people are diagnosed with AMD, with 10 percent becoming legally blind, defined by 20/400 vision. Many AMD patients retain some degree of peripheral vision. Currently, there is no effective treatment for most patients with AMD and RP, the researchers say . However, if one could bypass the photoreceptors and directly stimulate the inner retina with visual signals, one might be able to restore some degree of sight. Need for the BIONIC EYE: It has been shown that electric stimulation of retinal neurons can produce perception of light in patients suffering from retinal degeneration. Using this property the eye and make uses of the functional cells to retain the vision with the help of electronic devices that assist this cells in performing the task of vision, we can make these lakhs of people get back their vision at least artially. A design of an optoelectronic retinal prosthesis system that can stimulate the retina with resolution corresponding to a visual acuity of 20/80-sharp enough to orient yourself toward objects, recognize faces, read large fonts, watch TV and, perhaps most important, lead an independent life. The researchers hope their device may someday bring artificial vision to those blind due to retinal degeneration. BIONIC EYE DEFINED: Bionic Eye, Bio Electronic eye, is a device that can provide sight the detection of light. It replaces the functionality of a part or whole of eye. it is used to replace functionality as well as add functionality. It is a complex combination of multiple devices which work together for restoration of the vision of the subject. The Diseases that cause blindness:  Ã‚ ® Retinitis Pigmentosa  Ã‚ ® Macular Degeneration Of these, retinitis pigmentosa is a disease, which is a hereditary genetic disease in which peripheral rods degenerate gradually progresses towards center of eye and results in tunnel vision. As for macular degeneration, it is also genetically related , it degenerates cones in macula region, causing damage to central vision but spares peripheral retina. MIT- HARVARD DEVICE: This device follows an Epi-Retinal Approach. In this Microelectrode array replaces damaged photoreceptors, which act in the place of rods and cones to send the signals to optic nerve. The power source Laser(820nm wavelength). For image acquisition it uses a CCD Camera. Patient spectacle holds the camera and power source. It consists of two systems, system-1 which senses and transmits image and power and other system which stimulates the cells, there by making brain visualize the image. System 1:  Ã‚ ® CCD camera input External light intensity  Ã‚ ® CCD output amplitude-modulates laser source  Ã‚ ® This hits photodiode array of implant  Ã‚ ® This in turn powers stimulator chip (SC) System 2:  Ã‚ ® SC drives current to electrodes facing retina  Ã‚ ® This excites the ganglionic cells > axons > optic nerve > visual cortex in occipital lobe of brain  Ã‚ ® Brain helps in perceiving an image Advantages:  Ã‚ ® Very Early in the visual pathway  Ã‚ ® No Batteries implanted within body  Ã‚ ® No complicated surgical procedure  Ã‚ ® Power Requirement  ¼ of milliwatt Disadvantages  Ã‚ ® Axons b/w electrodes and ganglionic cells  Ã‚ ® Other axons get excited unwanted perception of large blur  Ã‚ ® Extra circuitry required for downstream electrical input Artificial Retina Prosthesis using ASR (Artificial Silicon Retina) ASR is a solid state biocompatible chip which contains an array of photo receptors, and is implanted to replace the functionality of the defective photoreceptors .Current generated by the device in response to light stimulation will alter the membrane potential of the overlying neurons and thereby activate Visual ensationsthoerv iPsuhaolsspyhsetenmes. can be evoked by electrical stimulation of the different levels of the visual pathway. Phosphenes are evoked by the stimulation of the eyeball or the visual cortex. Artificial vision created by the controlled electric stimulation of the retina has color.  Ã‚ ® Epiretinal Approach involves a semiconductor based device positioned on the surface of the retina to try to simulate the remaining overlying cells  Ã‚ ® Sfutbhreerteintianla A pproach involves implanting the ASR chip behind the retina to simulate the remaining viable cells. IMPLANT DESIGN: Primitive devices Single photosensitive pixel(3mm in diameter) Neo devices The current micro photodiode array (MPA) is comprised of a regular array of individual hotodiode subunits, each approximately 20ÃÆ'-20-ÃŽÂ ¼m square and separated by 10-ÃŽÂ ¼m channel stops (37). The resulting micro photodiode density is approximately 1,100/m2. IMPLANT features The size of implant is 50um. And it needs no external power supply. The response 500nm to 1100nm wavelength response. Working: For the technique to work, the patient must still have some functioning ganglion cells nerve cells that transmit visual information from the retinal cells to the optic nerve as well as a fully-functioning optic nerve. A tiny electronic pad is placed onto the retina of one eye, so that the electrodes are in direct contact with the ganglion cells. Each of the devices 100 electrodes can stimulate 20 to 30 cells. Real-time vision: The user wears a pair of glasses that contain a miniature camera and that wirelessly transmits video to a cellphone-sized computer in the wearers pocket. This computer processes the image information and wirelessly transmits it to a tiny electronic receiver implanted in the wearers head. When received in the implanted chip, the digital information is transformed into electrical impulses sent into the ganglion cells. From there, the brain takes over as the information travels down the optic nerve to the visual cortex at the back of the brain. The whole process occurs extremely rapidly, so that patients see in real-time. This is important any noticeable lag could stimulate the vestibular-ocular reflex, making people feel dizzy and sick. Currently recipients of the device experience a relatively narrow view, but more electrodes should provide a greater field of vision. By stimulating more ganglion cells, he hopes that visual acuity will increase dramatically. His teams next goal is to design a device with 1000 electrodes. MANUFACTURING PROCESS: Implants are comprised of a doped and ion-implanted silicon substrate disk to produce a PiN (positive-intrinsic-negative) junction. Fabrication begins with a 7.6-cm diameter semiconductor grade N-type silicon wafer. For the MPA device, a photomask is used to ion-implant shallow P+ doped wells into the front surface of the wafer, separated by channel stops in a pattern of individual micro photodiodes. An intrinsic layer automatically forms at the boundary between the P+-doped wells and the N-type substrate of the wafer. The back of the wafer is then ion-implanted to produce a N+ surface. Thereafter, an insulating layer of silicon nitrate is deposited on the front of the wafer, covering the entire surface except for the well openings. A thin adhesion layer, of chromium or titanium, is then deposited over the P+ and N+ layers. A transparent electrode layer of gold, iridium/iridium oxide, or platinum, is deposited on the front well side, and on the background side. In its simplest form, the photodiode and electrode layers are the same size. However, increasing the photodiode collector to electrode area ratio can increase the current density available at each individual micro photodiode subunit. Post Implant function and Inference.  Ã‚ ®Measurement procedure  Ã‚ ® IR stimulation at 940nm on the ASR chip  Ã‚ ® Recorded at the corneal surface using contact lens electrode  Ã‚ ® Comparison of responses of gold, platinum and iridium electrodes  Ã‚ ® Iridium based device has a longer persistence  Ã‚ ® Stability of these electrodes BIO-COMPATIBILTY RESULTS: There is no progressive change in retinal appearance that may be associated with retinal toxicity. But there is loss of photoreceptive layer over the region of implant, which is expected due to deprival of oxygen and nutrients to those cells underlying the chip. Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chipset (MARC): The other revolutionary bio electronic eye is the MARC , this uses a ccd camera input and a laser beam or rf to transmit the image into the chip present in the retina using this a resolution of 100 pixels is achieved by using a 1010 array. It consists of a platinum or rubber silicon electrode array placed inside the eye to stimulate the cells. THE MARC SYSTEM BLOCK: Outside Eye: The video input to the marc system block is given through a CCD camera. This image is further processed using a PDA sized image processor to transmit it , we do pulse width modulation in first stage and then ASK modulation is done. This signal is further amplified using a class E power amplifier and transmitted using RF telemetry coils. Inside Eye: The signal received from the RF telemetry coils is power recovered and then these signal is ASK demodulated and the data and clock is recovered from this signals and these signal are sent to the configuration and control block of the chip which from its input decode what information has to be sent to each of the electrodes and sends them this data. And the electrodes in turn stimulate the cells in the eye so as to send this stimulation to the brain through optic nerve and help brain in visualizing the image and while this process is going on the status of each electrode is sent to the marc diagnostics chip outside the eye Block Diagram Of Image Acquisition System: The image acquisition system consists of a CMOS digital camera which acquires images and sends it to the Analog to Digital Converter. It converts this analog input to digital data. This data is first sent into a video buffer where it is processed, the images are color mapped and this processed images are sent through RS232 interface. this serial data is then sent to the electrodes or testing monitor through a RF circuit or laser beam. Marc Hermetic Sealing And Positioning: The RF coils either intra ocular or extra ocular coil arrangement as shown in figure. This rf probes receives the transmitted RF energy and give it to the MARC chip. The AC wires from this coil is sent to the MARC chip. This chip is hermetically sealed in silicone gel and the other sides of the chips have the electrodes, which stimulate the cells in eye. Advantage of the Marc system: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Compact Size 66 mm à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Diagnostic Capability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduction of stress upon retina Conclusion: Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve peoples lives with artificial, bionic devices. Its been 40 years since Arne Larsson received the first fully implanted cardiac pacemaker. Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve peoples lives with artificial, bionic devices. Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective parts. Researchers are also using them to fight illnesses. Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to the brains control system pose the two great challenges for biomedical engineering. But what ever be the pro and cons of this system. If this system is fully developed it will change the lives of millions of people around the world. We may not restore the vision fully, but we can help them to least be able to find their way, recognize faces, read books, above all lead an independent life.

An Overview of Indonesias Soil Sickness Essays -- Agriculture Agricul

An Overview of Indonesia's Soil Sickness The proper utilization of the world's soil to provide food for the world's increasing population is becoming an increasingly more important issue. In the tropical rain-forests, especially, the depletion of the natural ecological system has caused massive destruction to the rain-forests' soil, thereby impeding agricultural development. One of the stereotypes which is fostered by a concern for the proper use of the rain-forest habitat is that all slash and burn agriculture -- or swidden agriculture -- is detrimental to the rain-forest habitat, and should be halted completely. While swidden agriculture has caused large amounts of damage to the rain-forest as a whole, the problem lies not with swidden agriculture itself, but rather with the circumstances under which it is carried out. Tropical soils are able to survive, and indeed thrive, when swidden agriculture is executed properly. In Indonesia, examples of both correct and incorrect swidden agriculture methods can be found. The Indigenous peoples, who have been utilizing slash and burn methods of agriculture for centuries, properly burn and farm small plots of land, while letting soils regenerate plots which have recently been farmed. The peasant population of Indonesia, on the other hand, has turned to swidden agriculture by default, and utilizes the land only for short-term gain. The result is the depletion of the soil to an extent where it may never be utilized again. Two different methodologies of the same agriculture can have drastically different effects on the soil; why this is, and the specific processes involved in the soil which either deplete or enhance its quality will be examined in the following pages. In conclusion, ... ...k to colonize new, agriculturally marginal lands. Severe environmental disruption results..." (Goodland, 1984; 183). In order to save its soils, Indonesia needs major land reform policies, or social contracts which will give peasants an alternative to swidden agriculture. Until then, no amount of terracing, placing fertilizers in the soil, reducing slope, or irrigation can undo the damage to tropical soils. Unless something is done quickly, tree cover in the rain-forests may be replaced altogether by imperata savannah grass which threatens to turn Indonesia into a "green desert" (Geertz, 1964; 24). On a larger scale, failure to address the issue of soil depletion in Indonesia may result in the insufficiency of foodstuffs for the Indonesian people. As Edmund G. Brown, Jr. said, "Many past civilizations have fallen with their forests and eroded with their soils."

Caring Moments Essay -- essays research papers

CARING MOMENTS The caring project our group chose involved taking a test. We felt test day was an unusually stressful event for everyone. We wanted to come up with a caring way that would help to alleviate some stress on our fellow students, the faculty, and ourselves. We decided to hand out peppermint candy on test day to help stimulate brain function. we felt this might help us all do well. We also talked to everyone and wished them well on the test which was a good way to help relieve stress. It also gave us an opportunity to meet some of our fellow students that we had never met before and it helped to ease the stress we all were under. We also passed out the peppermints to the faculty as they needed a stress reliever on test day too. They have to keep everybody under control and start the test at the appropriate time. We all felt like we were helping our fellow students through a stressful time. Shannon felt good inside knowing that the peppermint might help someone do better on the test than they might normally do. It made her feel wonderful inside seeing everyone talking to one another and enjoying the moment. Kristi felt we were giving out a caring part of ourselves every time someone took a piece a candy. Barbara felt pride in knowing she got a smile out of the students. She felt good knowing the words of encouragement, to each individual student, took a stressful moment and eased the tension. Kristi had a caring moment when a fellow student gave her a small gift. Kristi would carry a pink, â€Å"hello kitty† coffee cup with her to lecture every day. A classmate always complimented her on her cup each time she brought it. One day before a test her classmate handed her a pink, â€Å"hello kitty† pencil. The classmate said she was out and saw the pencil and it reminded her of Kristi. She bought it and gave it to Kristi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This made Kristi feel very special and important. Kristi and the classmate never have a chance to talk outside of class. However, Kristi will always remember her classmate and have a special place in her heart for her, because of this gesture. Every time Kristi sees this classmate it brings a smile to her face. She feels warm inside knowing that someone thought enough of her to perform such a kind act.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our group has decided to implement several caring ges... ...ow the health care team is interested in them as individuals and they are not just a body being patched up to be sent home. They need to know that their concerns and what they are going through matters to the health care team. Showing compassion and caring to the patient will build a positive, trusting relationship that will ultimately benefit both the patient and the team. The nurse needs to know that she has support form her colleagues as well, and that she is not alone. If she feels burnout with no moral support, it will begin to affect her job. This attitude will have a negative impact on her client as well as the other staff members. Just one negative non-caring act will affect everyone around her. However, if just one nurse shows a caring moment, big or small, to a colleague, it can change the atmosphere into a caring one which will radiate all the way to the patient. Caring is the gel that keeps the health care team working together. Everyone from the doctor to housekeepin g needs each other. Without the caring element they would all be doing their own thing and the team would fall apart. Therefore caring for each other is an essential step towards a positive nursing career.

Essay on the Language of A Clockwork Orange -- Clockwork Orange Essays

The Language of A Clockwork Orange  Ã‚      â€Å"Gooly into a world where by nochy prestoopniks rule and oobivat and by day all is well.† This is the nature of A Clockwork Orange, a novel by Anthony Burgess, where one enters the world of a fifteen-year-old named Alex who speaks a vernacular language and does what he likes. This molody nadsat, or young teen, leads a life where crime is real horrorshow as he dodges millicents, or policemen, in order to live a life he wants in the merzky, grazzy city where he resides. Alex and his shaika oobivat too many lewdies, though, and the millicents loveted him. He then becomes a plenny in the StaJa, away from his moloko, snoutie or beloved classical music. As a plenny, he undergoes tests by viddying sinnies, making him horn in pain at the messel of krovvy or guttiwuts. After the tests, Alex returns to the streets as a real horrorshow new malchick, unable to pony or prod crime. Eventually, he meets a ded whose zheena he oobivated before, and is tricked into almost ending his jeezny by thinking of the sinnies and being forced to gooly out of an okno and falling many raskazzes. Alex lives, though, and returns to a jeezny of crime and keeps the city spoogy of him. The previous paragraph gives an example what much of A Clockwork Orange’s language is like throughout the progression of the novel and is partially the reason why it has developed such a cult following since its release in 1963. What Burgess has done is taken English as a base language, and through the use of slang from English, Russian, Arabic and Gypsy, formed a language all its own which actually manages to accurately depict both the mindset of Alex but also the brutality of the world in which he lives. Some of his wo... ...restrictions in the forms of laws or minor regulations. So too does Alex express this interest. Although among today’s youth it is not common to be rioting or embarking on a homicide spree, Alex feels this is his way of living a carefree life. However, as a result of his liberty being â€Å"denied,† he attempts to vent his anger by committing suicide. Again, today’s teens do not generally veer towards those extremes. The parallel reaction in today’s youth to Alex’s reaction would be the excessive usage of innuendo, free use of the vernacular, indulgence in pleasure of any and all kinds, and the exhibition of mock violence to alleviate angst. It is interesting that there is such a shocking similarity between our world and that of the novel because the novel was written in 1963, at which time there were certainly many differences between teens’ views then and those of today.

How far do you blame Curley’s wife for what happens? Essay

There are lots of different pro’s and cons for this statement. Therefore I have started to take each character, Lennie and Curley’s wife separately and then create a conclusion from the evidence. Curley’s wife seems to be a weak character in the novel, but however this is just the way she seems, and not the way she really is. This is because there is also a powerful side to her. It’s similar to a split personality. The main ways in which Curley’s wife is portrayed to be weak is that Steinbeck purposely gives her no name, therefore she has no status. Also, Curley’s wife is portrayed as a powerful person. This is shown when men are frightened are frightened of her. This is due to all of the workers on the ranch seeing her as `jailbait`. Also Curley’s wife likes to impose herself upon people, for example Lennie and Crooks. This is because she sees them as weak, and from that she can hopefully get friendship and comfort, which is what she really wants. However, because of this she can also be seen as a troublemaker or flirtatious, which makes the men on the ranch, avoid her. The first side that Curley’s wife shows, which to relates to â€Å"what happens†, is where she shows her sneakiness. This is shown below: â€Å"Curley’s wife came around the end of the last stall. She came very quietly, so that Lennie didn’t see her.† (Pg 84-85, lines 33-1) After Curley’s wife had sneaked up on Lennie, she persisted in talking to Lennie even after he said not to, and she repeatedly did so until he gave in. The reason that I think that Curley’s wife did this was that she saw Lennie as an easy target, due to his child-like mental state. Also, the reason for Curley’s wife wanting so desperately wanting to talk to someone, was that she was lonely and never had the opportunity to have a conversation with anyone. Therefore she knew that she would be able to talk to Lennie due to him not fully understanding everything. This is shown in the quote below: She said, â€Å"What you got there, sonny boy?† Lennie glared at her. â€Å"George says I ain’t to have nothing to do with you – talk to you or nothing.† (Pg 85, lines 8-10) This quote above also shows the difference in power between Curley’s wife and Lennie. It is the part of the quote where Curley’s wife says â€Å"sonny boy†. This shows the power and dominance that Curley’s wife possess’ over Lennie. This also comes through in order to get Lennie to talk to her. Then, after the above quote, Curley’s wife still repeatedly continues to pursue her harassing of Lennie, whilst acting in a sympathetic way. She continues to do so, until Lennie gives in. This is shown below: â€Å"Why can’t I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely.† (Pg 85, lines 24-25) â€Å"Lennie said, â€Å"Well, I ain’t supposed to talk to you or nothing.† â€Å"I get lonely† she said.† (Pg 85, lines 26-27) This then results in Lennie talking to Curley’s wife about what had happened to the puppy, even though it was against his will, as he was still reluctant about going against the wishes of George. This is shown below: â€Å"He was so little, said Lennie. I was jus’ playin with him†¦an’ he made like he’s gonna bite me†¦an’ I made like I was gonna smack him†¦an’,,,an’ I done it. An’ then he was dead.† (Pg86, lines 7-10) Here is Lennie talking to Curley’s wife, about what had happened to the puppy, but he shows concerns over what George, would, think of them, and also most probably about the rabbits. The conversation then becomes closer, and Curley’s wife starts to flirt, with Lennie, this confuses Lennie, as is easily done. Curley’s wife gets Lennie to touch her hair, and he very much enjoys this, due to his fondness of feeling â€Å"nice† things. As a result of this, Lennie starts to stroke her hair harder and harder. This is at the same time as Curley’s wife encouraging him to feel it more. Then, as a typical child would goes over the top. But she continues to encourage him, not knowing how hard he would react. This is shown below: â€Å"Some people got kinda coarse hair, she said complacently. Take Curley. His hair is jus’ like wire. But mine is soft and fine. ‘Course I brush it a lot’. That makes it fine. Here – feel right here. She took Lennie’s hand and placed it on her head. Feel right aroun’ there an’ see how soft it is.† (Pg 89, lines 18-27) This then leads to frantic shouting from Curley’s wife shouting for him to get off her hair. Lennie becomes frightened and as he can’t handle the situation, like an adult would he holds on tight, for dear life. Then due to Curley’s wife’s frantic shouting and wriggling to get him off, Lennie becomes muddle up and confused. That is when Lennie becomes angry and kills her by breaking her neck. Lennie, I don’t think would have purposely tried to kill her, he just held on too tight, and wanted her to stop the shouting, yet he couldn’t cope with the situation in hand. This is shown below: â€Å"And she continued to struggle, and her eyes were wild with terror. He shook her then, and he was angry with her. `Don’t you go yellin’,` he said, and he shook her; her body flopped like a fish. And then she was still, for Lennie had broken her neck.† (Pg 90, lines 14-18) Now, I think that this could be partly Curley’s wife’s fault, as she knew that Curley doesn’t like big/tall men, and therefore she knew that he would do anything to `get one up` on one, so I think that she would have known Curley would have gone for him, for dead. However, I also think that Curley’s wife didn’t expect for anything to happen, as it did. Also, at the end, when George shoots Lennie, I don’t think that she would have thought that George would have shot him, for any particular reason. As a conclusion, I would put a lot of the blame of Lennie’s death upon Curley’s wife. This is mainly because Curley’s wife was adamant that she would have a conversation with Lennie, even though it wasn’t what he wanted, as he told her to leave him alone several times, yet she did no such thing. Also Curley’s wife was then flirtatious with Lennie, which would have given him a lot of mixed thoughts. I wouldn’t put the whole blame upon Curley’s wife because she didn’t know how Lennie would react to the situation, and she was purely looking for friendship. This is because she felt alone.

Principles of communication in adult social care settings Essay

Assignment overview In this assignment, you will complete tasks to demonstrate your knowledge of the importance of effective communication in adult social care settings, and ways to overcome barriers to meet individual needs, wishes and preferences in communication. You will also address the principles and practices relating to confidentiality. Tasks There are two tasks to this assignment. A Short answer questions B Case study This is a summary of the evidence required for the unit. Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered A Short answer questions 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 B Case study 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 Task B Case study You are a social care worker and a service user, Hannah, tells you that she is unhappy taking her new medication as she thinks she does not need it and so she is throwing it away. You know from her care plan that Hannah does need to take the medication regularly and gets confused. Hannah begs you to keep this confidential and not tell anyone especially her daughter, who she sees regularly, as her daughter will be very angry. Bi How would you explain the term ‘confidentiality’ to Hannah? Marks Confidentiality means that what ever you tell me will be kept in the strictest security however it may need to be told to a select few people to ensure your safety and that of the people around you. It would not be told to anyone that does not need to know. Bii Identify the range of people who may need to know about Hannah’s situation, and describe any tensions that may occur if the information is shared. Marks The people that would need to be informed of the service users condition could include line manager, regular carers, doctors, social worker and family members but only if relevant permission is granted by service user or law. This may cause tension in the family if they feel it is there right to know what is going on with the service user even when there is no consent from service user or legally. Biii Describe ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication. Read more:  Describe Strategies That Can Be Used to Clarify Misunderstandings Marks Ensure you only talk about the service user when it is required with the correct people and that it is essential that if communication is need to do it somewhere discrete and a level that is appropriate. Biv Explain when and how a social care worker should get advice about confidentiality. Marks A care worker can seek advice from their line manager, overall manager within their organisation if they feel a breach can or has occured. Or a carer can go to Citizens Advice Bureau, Government websites or CQC if they feel they can’t get the correct advice from the office and it has not been resolved . Assignment 301 Principles of communication in adult social care settings Question Booklet Task A Question and Answers Ai Identify four different reasons why people communicate. Marks The four reasons why someone may want to communicate could be: to express wants and needs, maintain relationships, feel part of society and ensure a content level of well-being. Aii Explain how effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between: a) Colleagues and other professionals Marks b) Individuals using the service and their carers Marks Effective communication is essential to maintaining the quality of life that a care user requires to enable them to stay at home and be safe. If there is any need to talk to other members of the care team it should be done in a professional and timely manner. If this isn’t adhered to clients well-being can be impacted on Effective communication between service user and carer is a day to day issue that has to be effective. If communication is not maintained a service user may lose trust and confidence leading into a break down in the relationship. Thus leading to a detrimental impact on the client. Also is good communication is not followed mistakes could occur. Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of finding out the communication and language needs of an individual. For each method, describe how effective it is at establishing the needs of the individual. Marks Method How effective is this method? _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 1. Talk to the individual involved to see what they need and require, this is a pretty efficient method as long as the individual has their full mental  capacity. _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 2. Liaise with the family or NOK to establish the requirements, this is useful if the individual has any form of dementia, confusion or presents very well when denying when care is needed. _____________________________ ______________________________________________ 3. Put it down in writing so that all people involved can see it, follow it and discuss. If everone is following the same instructions its easier to follow ____________________________ _______________________________________________ Aiv Describe three factors to consider when promoting effective communication. Marks Three impacting factors could be the appropriate language used, the volume, pitch, tone of voice and the body language used whilst trying to communicate. Av Describe three verbal and three non verbal communication methods and styles that a social care worker may use in an adult care setting. Marks Verbal Non verbal _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 1. volume eye contact _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 2. pitch positioning to client _____________________________ ______________________________________________ 3 language used posture ____________________________ _______________________________________________ Avi Explain why it is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication. Marks To show the person that you are involved with the conversation, show them that what they are saying is important, interact and to make sure you actually take in what they are saying and not just hearing them Avii Explain how an individual’s background can influence their communication methods. Marks A persons background can lead to a few differences but one of these can be the type of language used, e.g. colloquial slang or swearing Aviii Identify three examples of barriers to communication and explain how you could overcome each barrier. Barrier How it can be overcome _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 1.Deafness: You could use a communication board to convey the conversation or use basic sign language to get the meaning across. _____________________________ _____________________________________________ 2.Blindness: Ensure you are describing what you are going to do, before and during the interaction so they are aware of what your doing and where you are in relation to the service user. _____________________________ ______________________________________________ 3.Dementia: Slow your speech, clearly talk and use more simple language but do this without talking down and being patronising. ____________________________ _______________________________________________ Aix Describe two strategies that you could use to clarify misunderstandings. Marks Apologise for any misunderstandings and you could either reiterate any instructions given and ensure clarity or write it down to ensure all is clearly shown. Ax A social care worker wants to enable more effective communication with individuals using the service. Explain how they could access extra support or services that may be helpful. Marks They could talk to a social worker, doctor or community liaison to find any  information out on any service they think maybe compatible with the service user

Ap World Midterm Study Guide

1. Hinduism- Caste System, Enlightenment, no holy book, no single founder, India, polytheistic, Buddhism- India, no caste system, egalitarian, Siddhartha Gautama, missionaries, Nirvana, Eight fold path, four noble truths, Enlightenment Christianity-Monotheistic, Jesus, Bible, Jerusalem, Missionaries, Heaven and Hell 2. Domestication of Animals, Complex societies, Specialization, Cities, Government, Religion, Record Keeping, Social Classes, Technology 3. Located near rivers, Agriculture, irrigation, Rulers, social hierarchy, 4. Development of Agriculture and Domestication 5. Democracy, Representative, voting, Senate, ruler 6. Buddhism- Zen Buddhism, Filial Piety, Hinduism-not syncretic Christianity-Catholic, Protestant, Baptist, Lutheran 7. Size, Bureaucracies, Emphasis on Family, Roads, Religions, Han-Confucianism, Rome-Christianity, 8. Nomadic, Clans, Wars over oasis, no central religion, Chiefs of clans, 9. Pray every day towards Mecca, Alms giving, Hajj to Mecca, fasting, Declaration of Faith 10. In Arabian peninsula spread through trade and missionaries, contagious 11. Sense of Unity, peace among the clans, sacred texts were stored 12. Housewives 13. Each invasion caused the capital to move north 14. LEFT BLANK 15. LEFT BLANK 16. Missionaries 17. Started to decline 18. Many were animistic, salt as a substitute for gold 19. Christian, rich due to slaves 20. United the people 21. Arabian Peninsula, Red or Black sea, 22. Barter 23. Major trade routes influenced Kiev Russia 24. Structures, law codes, bureaucracy 25. Patriarch held power, rituals, priest celibacy, orthodox priests could marry, excommunication each other in 1054 26. Similar to china, emperor ordained by god, head of church and state, practiced lay investiture, women eld imperial throne (exe Empress Theodora and Zoe), byzantine bureaucrats recruited from all classes, recruited troops, empire depended on Constantinople 27. Lost land, economic decline, Constantinople fell 28. Social examination, formal 29. Used to regain the holy land, last crusade sacked Constantinople, pope ordered it, increase of trade, established religious capital 30. Lords and vassals, serfs, relied on agriculture, fiefs, 3 field system, technology advancements 31. Religious Leaders- Pope, Bishops, Priests, Pope Urban II, Gregory IV, Literary Leaders- Chaucer, Machiavelli, Thomas Aquinas Philosophical Leaders- Saint Clare, Saint Francis 32. Trade increase, manufacturing, territorial gain, 33. both had slaves, West Africa relied on Hunting and gathering, South America had agriculture, 34. Disease, gunpowder 35. Peasants, kings 36. Wars, trade, military 37. Indians, hunter gatherer 38. Aztecs conquered the toltecs 39. Anti-Buddhist, rejected 40. Status of women decreased 41. Unification by Wendi, ended famine, lowered taxes, Yang Di overworked peasants 42. Better examination system, paper money, plow, grand canal, junk ships 43. Male dominance, revival of Confucianism 4. Both had a bureaucracy and examination exam, Chinese had a dynastic succession, Europeans had a fight for power, in china empresses are possible, 45. Peasants reduced to serfdom, over worked, 46. Yi, Koryo, Silla 47. Manorial System, everyone had an important society, 48. Military Elites eventually became part of the imperial court 49. Dynasties, all modeled after Chinese except for Vietnam 50. Women w ere almost equal to men, herded a lot, warlike 51. Golden Horde-affected Russia Empire of Kublai Khan-China Ilkhan- Persia Djagatai –central Asia 52. Mongols cut Russia off, inhibited culture and technology, Mongols destroyed the Islamic heartland 53. Tumens 1k cavalries 54. Harsh, no prosperity, short-lived, smaller conquests 55. Clothing, Arabians spread religion to Indians, Arabs spread technology to Europe, Europeans wanted to trade with India 56. Peasant uprisings, high taxes, abuse of power, Mongol threat, economic decline 57. Increase trade, conquest, Portuguese freed Ethiopians from Islam 58. Increased influence through the arts, Enlightenment, Literature by Machiavelli and others 59. Disease, slave trade, fall of many civilizations 60. Technology, Animals, Leadership, Conquest 61. World Trade, Slaves 62. Decreased population, Inflation, Competition 63. Guns, Boats, Technology 64. Core Area-main area of power in country, Dependent Zone- are dependent on core areas 65. Australia, 66. God doesn’t influence life, people control their own life 67. Based on scientific findings, god wasn’t involved 68. Against sacraments, against priest celibacy, protested against the Catholics, 30 years war, more conflicts, 69. Sell more than you buy, everyone tried to sell their wares 70. Louis the XIV suppressed the nobility, gained all the power, spread around 71. Russia had a smaller economy, Russia was technologically limited, Russia was bigger, exerted more power 72. Tsar suppressed the local nobility 73. Westernization, too much imports, not enough exports 74. Brutal, overworked, not advanced in technology, 75. Serfdom in Russia, Slaves in Western Europe, absolute monarchies in both 76. Militaristic, White, strong leadership, imperialistic 77. Discovery of gold and silver, inflation 78. Plantations, slaves, 79. Imaginary North to South line, separates Spanish and Portuguese colonies 80. Based on plantations, silver mining, slave trade 1. Replaceable, easy to attain, cheap, complimentary industries flourished 82. Gun slave trade, internal strife, dominance, War for slaves 83. Set up ports, applied own rules, controlled coast, supplied arms, 84. Common sense 85. Decrease in males, increase in polygamy, decrease in labor 86. Powerful, lots of land, Good government, 87. A bigot, 88. Internal strife, Isma’il took power 89. Under safavids treated poorly, under the ottomans treated well 90. Cared less about the dynasties progress and more over the arts, 91. Difference-religion, Similarity- education and learning,

Extras Book Summary

EXTRAS Scott Westerfeld Extras by Scott Westerfeld fits into the Juvenile Science Fiction genre. It is narrated in first person by the protagonist of the story Aya Fuse. It is the fourth volume in the Uglies trilogy, and unlike the first three books we are guided through this adventure by Aya Fuse a fifteen-year-old Japanese girl whose one ambition in life is to be popular by kicking an interesting story about something important. It’s been over three years since the cure for the brain lesions was released and the world is slowly regaining what it has lost. They now live without those strict roles and rules from the past, and the world is in a complete cultural renaissance. The story follows Aya and her friends in a world not far from our own where popularity is literally money and people must discover what matters most to them and what they are willing to do to overcome life as an extra. Popularity is everything and will buy you the most luxurious house, the most lavish clothing, and popular friends. Whoever is getting the most buzz gets the most votes. Popularity rules. Aya Fuse's rank of 451,369 is so low, she's a total nobody. An extra. But Aya doesn't care; she just wants to lie low with her drone, Moggle. And maybe kick a good story for herself. She is the protagonist of the story. Throughout the story she gets help from some other characters such as her friends. She meets the Sly Girls who are seemingly ordinary girls who live on the wild side by riding on top of a super fast mag-lev train while trying to stay away from the kickers. Aya has some help getting it right from her famous brother Hiro, her tech friend Ren, her boyfriend Frizz, the always-helpful David, and the Cutters: Shay, Fausto, and Tally. These eight people discover the truth behind the metal shortage and the inhuman freaks, while once again trying to save themselves and the world from destruction. Aya Fuse, accompanied by her hover cam Moggle, crashes a party hoping to track down a group she saw surfing a  mag-lev  train, a story which she believes will make her famous. She follows one of the group's members, Eden Maru, out of the party, but they nearly get away when she is distracted by Frizz Mizuno. Aya leaves without telling Frizz her full name. She then follows Eden into an underground cave, where she is ambushed by the mag-lev riders, who call themselves the Sly Girls. The group's leader Jai gives Aya a chance to join them, but to do so she is forced to drop Moggle into an underground lake. The next day, she visits her brother Hiro. Hiro and his friend Ren Machino refuse to believe Aya's tale of the Sly Girls because they are an urban legend  in the city. Ren agrees to help Aya retrieve Moggle. Aya also happens upon a story about Frizz, discovering that he started a clique based around  brain surgery which enforces honesty. That evening, Aya goes mag-lev surfing with the Sly Girls. During the journey, the girls are surprised when the train stops, and they see inhuman figures loading the train up with a variety of items hidden within a secret underground room. Aya retrieves Moggle, and uses him to film her next excursion with the Sly Girls. They go on another mag-lev surfing trip which ends in exploration of the underground room they had discovered. Inside are many large cylinders of metal and a large chute leading to the top of the mountain, neither of which are understood by the Sly Girls. They plan to return to explore further, but Aya's credibility is ruined by the kicking of a news story about Frizz Mizuno coming to talk to her by her dorm. Aya is forced to break off contact with Frizz in order to lose fame. The story leaves her disillusioned by the hateful comments of the kickers. However, she does have the chance to tell Hiro and Ren about the Sly Girls story. Ren guesses that the chute inside the mountain is a  mass drive  which, combined with the steel projectiles, could be used to launch an attack on the city. When Aya next meets the Sly Girls they reveal that they knew she was a kicker, and have decided to allow her to kick the story of the mass driver. They launch themselves and Aya out of the mass driver with homemade parachutes. This gives them one last thrill before they part ways, and also giving The Sly Girls time to move on to a different city. Aya kicks her story and becomes instantly famous, but is concerned when she receives a message from Tally Youngblood. The message tells her to â€Å"run and hide†, and Aya is nearly captured by the inhumans while trying to do so. Eventually, Aya uses her fame to take control of a high-security apartment, and waits there until Tally arrives accompanied by Shay and Fausto. After talking, the Cutters go hover boarding with Aya, Hiro, Frizz and Ren. Aya has a signal up for her hover cam, and the Cutters boost it so the inhumans could find them. They are soon captured, and on the inhumans ship Frizz ruins their plan. The Cutters knock out the inhumans and put the hover car on autopilot. The Cutters, Aya, Frizz, Hiro, and Ren jump out of the hover car. They then have to travel through a jungle to meet David. After deciding Aya, Ren, Hiro, and Frizz would get in the way, Tally, Shay, and Fausto plan to leave them where they were. Meanwhile the Cutters, would go to destroy the ships of the inhumans. After they have left, Aya says that she is going as well. Ren, Hiro, and Frizz come with her. Soon, they are caught by the inhumans and meet Andrew Simpson Smith. He mistakes Aya for Tally. The inhumans explain what they were doing with the metal, and then they hear explosions. Aya, her friends, and brother rush over there and tell Tally what the ships are for. Soon, everyone is fighting against the fire that the Cutters had started. Aya, Frizz, Hiro, and Ren all become famous in their city. Aya then becomes the 3rd most famous person. Aya, her friends, and the Cutters then go to the Thousand Faces Party. There, Aya meets up with Lai and tells Aya a secret about the cake. After, Frizz tells Aya that he might leave Radical Honesty because he didn't need the group to tell the truth. In the end Aya sees Tally and David together in the dark.

Trial of Henry Kissinger

Amanda LakeyInternational Relations Book Review 18 April 2012 Kissinger’s Offenses The book the Trial of Henry Kissinger was written by Christopher Hitchens, a political opponent of Henry Kissinger. He is considered to be a pretty controversial figure because of his confrontational type of debate. He is considered a political observer, polecemist, and a self-proclaimed left -winged radical. He can be remembered for being a critic of Henry Kissinger, Mother Theresa and Bill Clinton.The Trial of Henry Kissinger took a long time for the author to write because he collected a lot of incriminating evidence to help bring out the wrongdoings Kissinger has done during his political career. The book focuses on Hitchens’s examination of the evidence of Henry Kissinger’s supposed war crimes. Hitchens thinks that Kissinger deserves prosecution â€Å"for war crimes against humanity, and for offenses against common or customary or international law, including conspiracy to co mmit murder, kidnap, and torture† ( Hitchens 2).To the author, Henry Kissinger is just a great liar who seems to have an amazing memory. According to Hitchens, Kissinger may be connected to war casualties in Vietnam, massacres in Bangladesh, planning murder in Chile when the US was not at war with them, involvement in the murder of the head of state of Cyprus, enabling a genocide in East Timor and kidnapping and murdering a journalist from Washington DC. The logic in which the author uses appears to be pretty persuasive to the reader. It is difficult to argue with one who uses such solid support in his opinions.This book seems more like pure fact than just what the author thinks. If I were to have read thinking Henry Kissinger was innocent, afterwards I would start to think that he should be charged for the things he did. I think many Americans are not aware of the kinds of secrets acts that happen within the political system. This is an eye opener for many citizens; one shoul d not get away with committing a crime, even if he has a lot of power. One of the main events the book focuses on is Kissinger’s involvement with the bombing of Cambodia.The bombing of Cambodia would need approval from congress before it could occur. Unfortunately, Nixon and Kissinger never tried to get approval and went ahead with the plan anyways. They would try to hide these happenings from society. The bombing of Cambodia actually took place for about fourteen months, and â€Å"as a result of the expanded and intensified bombing campaigns, It has been estimated that as many as 350,000 civilians in Laos, and 600,000 in Cambodia, lost their lives† (Hitchens 35).These events were leaked into the newspaper by American journalists, and Kissinger tried to find those responsible by wire-tapping phones. Another one of the events that took place is Kissinger’s involvement with the Vietnamese War. During the 1968 Paris peace talks, Kissinger came into the discussion a nd said that â€Å"he thinks any pullout next year would be a serious mistake†¦ he favored a continued winding down and then a pull out†¦ so it is too late to affect the election† (Hitchens 19). Kissinger was having secret meetings with the North Vietnamese, specifically the negotiator Le Duc Tho.He was hiding these meetings from the rest of the governments officials who should have been involved. These peace talks ended up being futile, but they did help him gain more of a reputation with Nixon. Nixon was not happy with the way the Vietnamese War was turning out, so he decided to invade the neutral countries of Cambodia and Laos; this resulted in one million deaths in Cambodia and 350 thousand deaths in Laos. Even after everything that occurred, Henry Kissinger signed a peace treaty with Le Duck Tho in 1973. The two of then were then awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.Henry Kissinger was one of the people who helped start the war, and he is also the person who helped fi nish it: â€Å"It took Henry Kissinger to ensure that a war of atrocity, which he had helped to prolong, should end just as furtively and ignominiously as it had began† (Hitchens 20). According to Hitchens, there is a Vietnam Veterans’ Memorial in which the names are listed by date, not alphabetically: â€Å"The first few names appear in 1954, and the last few in 1965† (20). A majority of the American population would not know that we went into Vietnam as early or as late as the memorial claims.The author also talks about Kissinger’s role in Bangladesh. Kissinger supported Pakistan in the Liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. He wanted to show China how useful the United States can be when it comes to tactical alliance so they would side with America and oppose the USSR. Kissinger helped support the extermination of many Bengalis: â€Å"Kissinger had received some very bad and even mocking press for his handling of the Bangladesh crisis, and it had somewhat spoiled his supposedly finest hour in China† (Hitchens 50).The Nixon Administration also was involved in a controversial military coup in Chile. Nixon had given the CIA permission to hold a military coup in order to prevent Salvador Allende’s inauguration. Allende was said to have ties with communist countries, which is something that caused the United State’s to have a rocky relationship with Chile. In 1973, the military coup caused the death of the Chilean leader. After this happened, Augusto Pinochet took control of Chile and began to bring a reign of terror to the country. Two cases were filed against Kissinger and dismissed during these times.He was blamed for being involved in the military coup and disregarding those civilian’s and their family’s lives when he encouraged the Chilean repressive regime. The Trial of Henry Kissinger is one of the more recent books written in 2002 about the wrongdoings of Henry Kissinger, but other books were prev iously written before this time. One of the books is called the Price of Power written by Seymour M. Hursh in 1983. The other book is called Sideshow written by William Shawcross in 1979. There was obviously a great time span between these two books and the most current one, but they all seem to have the same idea.They all seem to discuss Kissinger’s involvement with the Nixon Administration and try to charge him as a war criminal. The other books seem to focus on the topic of Cambodia the most, but the Trial of Henry Kissinger seems to discuss more circumstances for which Nixon should be charged for. The Slideshow seemed to think that Cambodia was one of the biggest crimes Kissinger and President Nixon committed: â€Å"Neither the United States nor its friends nor those who are caught helplessly in its embrace are well served when its leaders act, as Nixon and Kissinger acted, without care.Cambodia was not a mistake; it was a crime† ( Shawcross 396). According to the book the Price of Power Nixon and Kissinger both appear to be in denial that any of the occurrences were their fault: â€Å"Kissinger and Nixon would repeatedly claim that the failures in South Vietnam and Cambodia were not their responsibility but the fault of Congress, which had cut off funding for the war† (Hursch 640). The book the Trial of Henry Kissinger is able to expand on these arguments more by giving solid evidence.One of Nixon’s associates who worked alongside Kissinger claimed that if the plan for Cambodia did not work then Henry would get in trouble: â€Å"Kissinger was caught between the views of his staff- several of whom resigned in protest when the invasion began- and the need to please the President† ( Hitchens 28). Compared to the other books that has been written about Kissinger, I think the Trial of Henry Kissinger is the most helpful and informative, but because of the use of excerpts from government documents and memorandums, it can be a little difficult to read.I also feel the author did not use enough counter arguments when he wrote the book. I feel like this is supposed to be an argumentative book in which the author tries to sway the reader to agree with his side. I think there is enough evidence to back up the authors claims, but the book would be even more believable had he tried to bring in opposing arguments and prove them wrong this way, there would be no arguing that Kissinger did do something wrong. All in all, I think this book is very useful for people to learn about Henry Kissinger.To be honest, before coming into this class, I had never heard anything about him or the terrible things he was involved in. I think this book gives good background information in order to show the reader what kind of person Kissinger is and why he should be treated like a criminal. Because there was so much evidence from government documents used in the book, I have almost no arguments against the author’s claims. Re ferences Hitechens, Christopher. Trial of Henry Kissinger. Verso, New York. 2001. Print. Hursch, M Seymour. The Price of Power. 1983. Print. Shawcross, William. Sideshow. 1979. Print.