Lord of the Flies Analysis of Chapter 1 Essay Example

Ruler of the Flies Analysis of Chapter 1 Essay Example Ruler of the Flies Analysis of Chapter 1 Paper Ruler of the Flies Analysis of Chapter 1 Paper Article Topic: The Beast in the Jungle Ruler of the Flies investigation of section 1 The initial character is significant and compelling on the grounds that it puts things in place for that character, and their circumstance. You can nearly anticipate what that character will resemble in the remainder of the book by the couple of sentences that the writer gives you. The initial character is additionally an essential snippet of data, since it will make the peruser need to peruse on. The main character that was presented was Ralph. We can anticipate that he will get significant in the remainder of the book since he is the first on the island, and he takes off his garments, which is the primary image of resistance. Ralph is presented just like the kid with reasonable hair (pg 7). One of the principal things Ralph does is pull up his sock which represents the possibility that Ralph is as yet cultivated and acts like he is still in a complex society. Ralphs father was in the military, and made it a point to state that his dad was going to protect them. When Ralph was chosen as boss, it was on the grounds that he was most seasoned, and was said to have the physical make-up of a fighter ‘he may make a fighter, to the extent width and greatness of shoulders went, however there was a mellowness about his mouth and eyes that broadcasted no devil’ (pg 10). Piggy was a greater amount of a satisfactory boss since he was the principle visionary who recognized the conch, and the person who did the majority of the work. Piggy was likewise the democrat of the young men, he thoroughly considered things, he was equivalent, normal, and had an outlook of being saved, and not having any desire to be stuck on the island. Ralph is thrilled that there are no adults on the island, yet Piggy can imagine the results of the pilots passing, and the way that no one was a full grown-up, and they couldn’t settle on develop choices. Piggy was not chosen boss as a result of his look and presumably in light of his name. ‘he was shorter than the reasonable kid and very fat’ (pg 7). Close to be presented is Jack and his ensemble young men. They are presented as outsiders or beastie that shows up later on in the book. ‘something dull was mishandling along†¦.. At that point the animal ventured from the mirage’ (pg 19). This sends a scary inclination to the perusers. Later on in the section it discusses them ‘stepped from the hallucination on to clear sand, and they saw that the murkiness was†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦mostly clothing’ (pg 19). The young men were in ‘two equal lines’ (pg 19) and wearing dark shrouds that secured them from throat to lower leg that was decorated with a long silver cross, and a square dark top with a silver identification. Their pioneer is a kid named Jack. Jack was ‘tall, slender, and bony’ (pg 20) with red hair that was covered up to some degree by the square dark top, and his face ‘was folded and freckled, and appalling without silliness†¦two light blue eyes’ (pg 20). Jack is very force hungry, and egotistically expect that he would be the head of the young men since he was the ‘head boy’ (pg 22) of the ensemble, and on the grounds that he could ‘sing C sharp’ (pg 22). Jack is very vexed to see that Ralph was casted a ballot as head of the young men ‘ the spots on Jack’s face vanished under a redden of mortification’ (pg 23). Ralph put the ensemble young men under Jacks force, and therefore started Jack and Ralphs companionship ‘Jack and Ralph grinned at one another with timid liking’ (pg 23). At the point when the young men show up on the uninhabited island, they end up encompassed by excellent bushes, trees, and sea shores. They before long find that they are the main people on the island, and there are no grown-ups on the island. ‘no grownups’ (Pg 8). This shows Ralphs youthfulness, and his fervor for opportunity. Nonetheless, when Ralph is casted a ballot boss, he realizes that he needs to accumulate himself, and consider what they have to endure, and be protected. The young men (Jack, Ralph, and Simon) investigate the island to see whether the spot they are in will be in certainty an island. They start to have a great time, and have fun while their feeling of needing to be saved is disseminating. Since the time the start of the book, the young men have appeared to decimate the heaven of an island by the ‘long scar crushed into the jungle’ (pg 7) and they will undoubtedly devastate it once more. The island that Golding is attempting to imagine isn't as it appears as he utilizes damaging symbolism like ‘decaying coconuts’ (pg 12), ‘coarse grass’ (pg 12), and ‘typhoon’ (pg 12). Golding utilizes a ton of images to exhibit subjects, for example, fellowship, connections, and viciousness all through part one. The island is introduced as a Garden of Eden. It has the entirety of the vital things to endure, for example, new water, natural product, conceal, trees to make sanctuary, and wood to make fire. The connections between the young men are entangled during the start of the part. In the main part the young men generally need to be companions, yet the connection among Piggy and Jack is moment scorn which recommends that later on in the book Jack will likely turn on Piggy first. Jack is introduced as an extremely brutal individual in any event, when Ralph and Jack initially meet ‘frustrated now and turning, or prepared to turn, into anger’ (pg 20). At the point when Jack comes up short at killing the pig, he hammers his blade into a tree, and says that ‘next time there will be no mercy’ (pg 31). I think Golding decided to abandon the young men on an island in light of the fact that there are no grown-ups. There are no standards, no limits to what they were permitted to do, no direction, no human progress, no general public. Golding presents the island ‘roughly pontoon shaped’ (pg 31). I figure he did this to speak to the young men going into a condition of viciousness, and the young men development going in reverse. I likewise think he said this to speak to the young men diminished odds of being safeguarded. The vessel that they ought to be saved in is gradually skimming farther and farther away. I accept that the primary section of any book gives understanding whatever will occur in the remainder of the book. The section one title ‘The Sound of the Shell’ hints the way that the conch is the main grown-up figure in the book, the way that the sound of the conch gives everyone a feeling of request and consistency. A portion of the subjects that show up in section one, are frequently found in our regular day to day existences and it gives the peruser an impression about what will occur in the remainder of the book. In the wake of completing section one, I am left with the feeling of foreseeing what will befall the young men, and in the event that they will be protected.

Free Essays on Operations Management--Bar Layout Design

McInnerney’s Sports Pub and Grill Layout Strategy I. General Background McInnerney’s Mission Statement †Our Goal is: To sell delectable and astounding food and spirits. That the food and drink we sell fulfills the most elevated guidelines of value, newness and regularity. To reliably furnish our clients with flawless assistance by showing warmth, charitableness, effectiveness, information, demonstrable skill and uprightness in our work. To have each client who gets through our entryways leave intrigued by McInnerney’s and eager to return once more. To make and keep up an eatery and bar that is extensive and uncommon in its regard for everything about activity. To give all who work us an agreeable, helpful and compensating condition that energizes long haul, fulfilling, development business. To be a giving individual from the Iowa City people group and to utilize our eatery to improve the personal satisfaction in the eastern Iowa region.† McInnerney’s offers both an item and a help. The item comprises of the wide assortment of food and drink. The administration is the neighborliness the staff gives to each individual client. McInnerney’s is a little exclusive business. Their income comprises of alcohol deals (about 45%)and the rest from food deals (about 55%). Overall, is five to 6,000 dollars. Yearly deals are not accessible in light of the fact that McInnerney’s has just been just getting started for eight months. They utilize four all day laborers (supervisors) and twenty-eight low maintenance representatives (cooks, hold up staff, and barkeeps). McInnerney’s clients comprise generally of people from age twenty-one as far as possible up to eighty. Most of their clients are moderately aged men that like to drink liquor and watch sports on TV. They come to McInnerney’s for quality food, beverages, and client care while they are viewing ... Free Essays on Operations Management- - Bar Layout Design Free Essays on Operations ManagementBar Layout Design McInnerney’s Sports Pub and Grill Layout Strategy I. General Background McInnerney’s Mission Statement †Our Goal is: To sell delightful and momentous food and spirits. That the food and drink we sell fulfills the most noteworthy guidelines of value, newness and regularity. To reliably give our clients immaculate help by showing warmth, thoughtfulness, effectiveness, information, polished methodology and uprightness in our work. To have each client who gets through our entryways leave dazzled by McInnerney’s and eager to return once more. To make and keep up an eatery and bar that is complete and excellent in its regard for everything about activity. To give all who work us a benevolent, agreeable and remunerating condition that empowers long haul, fulfilling, development business. To be a giving individual from the Iowa City people group and to utilize our café to improve the personal satisfaction in the eastern Iowa region.† McInnerney’s offers both an item and an assistance. The item comprises of the wide assortment of food and drink. The administration is the friendliness the staff gives to each individual client. McInnerney’s is a little exclusive business. Their income comprises of alcohol deals (about 45%)and the rest from food deals (about 55%). By and large, is five to 6,000 dollars. Yearly deals are not accessible on the grounds that McInnerney’s has just been just getting started for eight months. They utilize four all day laborers (directors) and twenty-eight low maintenance representatives (cooks, hold up staff, and barkeeps). McInnerney’s clients comprise generally of people from age twenty-one as far as possible up to eighty. Most of their clients are moderately aged men that like to drink liquor and watch sports on TV. They come to McInnerney’s for quality food, beverages, and client support while they are viewing ...

No Credit Here Are 3 Ways to Start Building Some

No Credit Here Are 3 Ways to Start Building Some No Credit? Here Are 3 Ways to Start Building Some No Credit? Here Are 3 Ways to Start Building SomeIn order to have good credit, you need to build up a positive credit history. For some people, that means starting from scratch.If you have bad credit, it’s probably due to some combination of two things: You don’t pay your bills on time and/or you’ve taken out to much debt. But if you have no credit, it’s only due to one thing: You don’t use any credit at all!Whether you have bad credit or no credit, the result will still be the same when you try to borrow money: Instead of being able to take out a standard personal loan from a bank or online loan company, you’ll be forced to rely on predatory no credit check loans and short-term bad credit loans like payday loans, cash advances, and title loans to cover unforeseen expenses.And while focusing instead on bad credit installment loans might be a good short-term solution to that problem, the real fix is simple: You need good credit. When you have no credit, that means starting to build your credit history from scratch.The problem you’ll run into is of the chicken-and-the-egg variety: You need a good credit history to borrow money at reasonable rates, but you need to borrow money first in order to create that history. Luckily, there are some ways that you can start building that credit history now so that you can qualify for better types of personal loans later. Here’s how 1. Take out a secured credit card.In order to qualify for a traditional credit card, you’re going to need decent credit. But in order to qualify for a secured credit card, all you’ll need is cash. Unlike traditional cards, secured credit cards require a cash deposit to serve as collateral and to set your total credit limit. For example: Put down $500 and your card will have a $500 limit.Once you’ve opened this secured card, you can start using it to make small purchases. Make sure that you aren’t using the card to spend beyond your means; simply take purchases that you would have made on your debit card and make them on your secured credit card instead. And make sure that you are paying off that cards balance as quickly as possible.To the best of your ability, try to never let your outstanding balance reach 30 percent of your total credit limit. This doesn’t mean you have to spend less than 30 percent of your limit every month, it just means paying off your card frequently instead of monthly. Keeping your credit utilization ratio below 30 percent will help your score.While secured credit cards can be a great way to build your credit score, there are two things you should keep in mind. First, you need to make sure that the credit card company reports your payment information and balances to the credit bureaus. Second, secured credit cards can come with some pretty outrageous fees, so do your research first to find a card that’s reasonably affordable.2. Ask someone to “lend” you their score.If you don’t have any creditâ€"or you have bad creditâ €"you can help build your score with a little help from your friends. How does that work, exactly? If you become an authorized user on one of their credit accounts or they cosign a loan for you, they are basically lending you their good credit to help you build their own.When you’re an authorized user on another person’s credit card, your name is on the account. This means that any activity on said accountâ€"like payments and outstanding balancesâ€"gets recorded on your credit report as if that activity was your own. Even if you don’t have any actual access to the account, you’ll still get credit for itâ€"literally.When someone cosigns for you on a loan or credit card application, it’s the credit equivalent of them vouching for you as a borrower. This can help you qualify for a better loan or credit card, but there are some sizable potential downsides: Late payments and large balances will drag down your friend’s score, and they’ll be liable if you end up defaulting en tirely.When possible, you should opt for being an authorized user over getting a friend to be your cosigner because there is much less risk that you’ll jeopardize your relationship. You can become an authorized user on your friend’s credit card without ever actually using the card at all. In fact, you should definitely avoid using the card at all.Asking friends and family for financial help can be tricky, so you’ll want to broach the subject with them in a calm and cautious manner. This is especially true if you’re asking them to be your cosigner. Gaining access to someone’s account or asking them to be liable for your own financial behavior requires a lot of trust, and it’s vitally important that that trust is maintained.3. Take out a credit-building loan.If you’re looking for a traditional personal loan from a bank or credit union, you’re going to need good credit. But there are other kinds of loans you can borrow that are designed for people like yourself who need help improving their scores. The key is to look local.While large national banks are unlikely to have lending options focused on helping customers build their credit, local banks and credit unions are different. They tend to have more customer-friendly mentalities that extend to issuing small loans to customers with little to no credit.This is especially true for credit unions, which are nonprofit institutions. In order to qualify for one of their loans, you’ll first need to become a member. Membership in credit unions can be based on where you live, where you work, or even where you go to church.As mentioned earlier in this article, it’s critical that you don’t use this loan to spend beyond your means. Instead, only use it to purchase something that you can already afford. While paying the loan off slowly means racking up a little bit of interest, the positive payment history it will help you build can be worth it in the long run.Earlier in this article, we mentioned bad cre dit installment loans as a possible option for borrowers with little to no credit history. Some companies that offer these loansâ€"like OppLoansâ€"report payment information to the credit bureaus, which means that paying your loan off on-time could help you build a better score.Again, you wouldn’t want to borrow one of these loans solely for the purposes of building your credit. But if you find yourself needing to borrow money to cover a financial shortfall, taking out a loan that will help you improve your credit history is certainly a factor worth considering.There’s more to money than credit.Improving your credit score will help brighten your financial future in any number of ways. But that doesn’t mean that your credit score should be your only financial priority. Building up your savings, investing for retirement, and creating a budget are all important financial building blocks as well.To learn more, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Building your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersSave More Money with These 40 Expert TipsEmergency Funds Are Important: Here’s How to Start Building OneFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your MoneyDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

No Credit Here Are 3 Ways to Start Building Some

No Credit Here Are 3 Ways to Start Building Some No Credit? Here Are 3 Ways to Start Building Some No Credit? Here Are 3 Ways to Start Building SomeIn order to have good credit, you need to build up a positive credit history. For some people, that means starting from scratch.If you have bad credit, it’s probably due to some combination of two things: You don’t pay your bills on time and/or you’ve taken out to much debt. But if you have no credit, it’s only due to one thing: You don’t use any credit at all!Whether you have bad credit or no credit, the result will still be the same when you try to borrow money: Instead of being able to take out a standard personal loan from a bank or online loan company, you’ll be forced to rely on predatory no credit check loans and short-term bad credit loans like payday loans, cash advances, and title loans to cover unforeseen expenses.And while focusing instead on bad credit installment loans might be a good short-term solution to that problem, the real fix is simple: You need good credit. When you have no credit, that means starting to build your credit history from scratch.The problem you’ll run into is of the chicken-and-the-egg variety: You need a good credit history to borrow money at reasonable rates, but you need to borrow money first in order to create that history. Luckily, there are some ways that you can start building that credit history now so that you can qualify for better types of personal loans later. Here’s how 1. Take out a secured credit card.In order to qualify for a traditional credit card, you’re going to need decent credit. But in order to qualify for a secured credit card, all you’ll need is cash. Unlike traditional cards, secured credit cards require a cash deposit to serve as collateral and to set your total credit limit. For example: Put down $500 and your card will have a $500 limit.Once you’ve opened this secured card, you can start using it to make small purchases. Make sure that you aren’t using the card to spend beyond your means; simply take purchases that you would have made on your debit card and make them on your secured credit card instead. And make sure that you are paying off that cards balance as quickly as possible.To the best of your ability, try to never let your outstanding balance reach 30 percent of your total credit limit. This doesn’t mean you have to spend less than 30 percent of your limit every month, it just means paying off your card frequently instead of monthly. Keeping your credit utilization ratio below 30 percent will help your score.While secured credit cards can be a great way to build your credit score, there are two things you should keep in mind. First, you need to make sure that the credit card company reports your payment information and balances to the credit bureaus. Second, secured credit cards can come with some pretty outrageous fees, so do your research first to find a card that’s reasonably affordable.2. Ask someone to “lend” you their score.If you don’t have any creditâ€"or you have bad creditâ €"you can help build your score with a little help from your friends. How does that work, exactly? If you become an authorized user on one of their credit accounts or they cosign a loan for you, they are basically lending you their good credit to help you build their own.When you’re an authorized user on another person’s credit card, your name is on the account. This means that any activity on said accountâ€"like payments and outstanding balancesâ€"gets recorded on your credit report as if that activity was your own. Even if you don’t have any actual access to the account, you’ll still get credit for itâ€"literally.When someone cosigns for you on a loan or credit card application, it’s the credit equivalent of them vouching for you as a borrower. This can help you qualify for a better loan or credit card, but there are some sizable potential downsides: Late payments and large balances will drag down your friend’s score, and they’ll be liable if you end up defaulting en tirely.When possible, you should opt for being an authorized user over getting a friend to be your cosigner because there is much less risk that you’ll jeopardize your relationship. You can become an authorized user on your friend’s credit card without ever actually using the card at all. In fact, you should definitely avoid using the card at all.Asking friends and family for financial help can be tricky, so you’ll want to broach the subject with them in a calm and cautious manner. This is especially true if you’re asking them to be your cosigner. Gaining access to someone’s account or asking them to be liable for your own financial behavior requires a lot of trust, and it’s vitally important that that trust is maintained.3. Take out a credit-building loan.If you’re looking for a traditional personal loan from a bank or credit union, you’re going to need good credit. But there are other kinds of loans you can borrow that are designed for people like yourself who need help improving their scores. The key is to look local.While large national banks are unlikely to have lending options focused on helping customers build their credit, local banks and credit unions are different. They tend to have more customer-friendly mentalities that extend to issuing small loans to customers with little to no credit.This is especially true for credit unions, which are nonprofit institutions. In order to qualify for one of their loans, you’ll first need to become a member. Membership in credit unions can be based on where you live, where you work, or even where you go to church.As mentioned earlier in this article, it’s critical that you don’t use this loan to spend beyond your means. Instead, only use it to purchase something that you can already afford. While paying the loan off slowly means racking up a little bit of interest, the positive payment history it will help you build can be worth it in the long run.Earlier in this article, we mentioned bad cre dit installment loans as a possible option for borrowers with little to no credit history. Some companies that offer these loansâ€"like OppLoansâ€"report payment information to the credit bureaus, which means that paying your loan off on-time could help you build a better score.Again, you wouldn’t want to borrow one of these loans solely for the purposes of building your credit. But if you find yourself needing to borrow money to cover a financial shortfall, taking out a loan that will help you improve your credit history is certainly a factor worth considering.There’s more to money than credit.Improving your credit score will help brighten your financial future in any number of ways. But that doesn’t mean that your credit score should be your only financial priority. Building up your savings, investing for retirement, and creating a budget are all important financial building blocks as well.To learn more, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Building your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersSave More Money with These 40 Expert TipsEmergency Funds Are Important: Here’s How to Start Building OneFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your MoneyDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

How Student Loans Have Affected The Cost Of Tuition

In the 1980s a first-year college student could attend a public four-year university for $2,500 and a private university for a little over $5,000. Although, most of these universities are offering the same mediocre education from the last three decades; the cost of tuition has more than tripled for public universities and for private universities, it has gone up a staggering 85%. Canada holds an average educational cost of 5,974 and England follows with an estimated average cost of 5,288. In spite the tuition in the United States being more than twice that of its allies; the main problem contributing to the continuing rise of tuition are the billions of dollars owed in both federal and private student loans. Unfortunately, out of 15 countries the United States held the number one position when it came down to the cost of a higher education (including books, fees, room and board).With that being said, I will thoroughly explain in the following essay how student loans have affected th e cost of tuition, compare US tuition to other countries, and analyze the average spending budget for most universities that prove to influence the rise in tuition. At some point, it was said that the United States had a high credit card debt that could take a few decades to pay off. Now student loans are the talk of the Federal Reserve, with the amount of loans accumulating up to $829.785 billion, surpassing the infamous credit card debt. The Forbes website suggest that student loans areShow MoreRelatedEffects of Higher College Tuition on California Students1211 Words   |  5 PagesCALIFORNIA STUDENTS Effects of Higher College Tuition on California Students Hudson Pacific Ocean University EFFECTS OF HIGHER COLLEGE TUITION ON CALIFORNIARead MoreShould College Tuition Be Free? America? Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagescollege tuition be free in America? The majority of students who graduate leave their alma mater with two things: a degree and a large sum of debt. The current student debt in America is 1.2 trillion dollars. Graduate students account for nearly 40 percent of this debt. From 1985 to 2007 the amount of student debt increased by 7.9 percent. In 1994 the average student borrowed eleven thousand dollars for school. By 2014, however, that figure had increased to thirty-five thousand dollars. Students whoRead MoreHigh Tuition And Higher Education1200 Words   |  5 PagesHigh Tuition Costs in Colleges In the past, college education was not important to get jobs, but at present, it’s necessary to have college education, since, employers are demanding employees with higher education to work in their place (Bidwell). However, tuition costs of the colleges are increasing every year. Therefore, tuition of college is so high and many students cannot afford to pay, even after receiving some scholarships from their institution. Consequently, they have to take out loans, whichRead MoreThe Vicious Cycle Of Student Loans1576 Words   |  7 PagesCycle of Student Loans Student loans are one of the top three national debts in the United States. Total student loans have reached an outstanding of one trillion dollars and are still on going. It would take the United States hundred-fifty years, twenty million dollars a day to fully cover this national debt. Student loans are intended for students to go to college but they come with a rising social and economic cost. As the expectancy of high return and tuition are increasing, more students are endingRead MoreThe Average Cost Of Tuition1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe average cost of tuition at a public four-year university has risen significantly more than inflation in the past forty years. With growing tuition rates and decreasing median household income a question arises of how new college graduates will pay their substantial student loans. While seventy percent of college students are forced to take out student loans there’s no question the majority of graduates will be paying for their educatio n over a long period of their life. Student loan debt is alsoRead MoreAs Of 2015, The Average Amount Of Student Loan Debt In1213 Words   |  5 Pagesamount of student loan debt in America alone was 1.2 trillion dollars and the average balance for each of the roughly 40 million borrowers still paying back loans was $29,000 (Holland 2015). John Oliver of â€Å"Last Week Tonight† makes a point that student loan debt exceeds that of both credit card and auto loans. However, despite the negative financial effects, achieving a college degree is vital to the National Economy and the job market. According to studies by the Hamilton Project, â€Å"The cost of notRead MoreThe Cost Of College Education1362 Words   |  6 PagesHow would you feel if money were no object when it comes to obtaining something you really want, and know it will be of great benefit to you in exchange? In fact, what if I told you that a post secondary education can be of no cost to you or your parents, mean ing no high interest rates, or additional fees to pay back. All you need is the desire to better your circumstances. No loan applications and debt required! Well, I wish that had been offered this proposition before graduating high school, andRead MoreEssay on Higher Education and Financial Aid from the Government1667 Words   |  7 Pagesfar to better support students, but much more can still be done. With rising tuition costs and not enough government aid, more and more students are forced to take out loans in order to pay for continuing education. These loans later become a huge financial burden, some totaling near $30,000. If the dream of a college education is dependent upon access and affordability, how are young people supposed to continue their education and plan a future, when the cost of tuition is through the roof? Read MoreShould Student Debt Go Beyond?1269 Words   |  6 Pageshigher education. College has become necessary and so consequently, it has become more ex pensive. While loans have made it possible for nearly anyone to attend college, because they are given too easily, the costs of college has increased even more. A cycle of giving loans and raising tuition is created and as a result college students are burdened with a colossal amount of debt. The issues of student debt go beyond affecting graduates’ lives and begin to cripple many areas of the economy, as well asRead MorePersuasive Speech : Greedy Money Hoarders1484 Words   |  6 PagesGreedy Money Hoarders   Ã‚  Ã‚   Imagine being a student in college, when you receive a letter telling you how much you owe in tuition fees. You already have a full time job, and still manage to get to your daily classes, but with the minimum wage pay you receive you can’t afford the basic necessities and the tuition prices that seem to increase every year. Your parents refuse to help you, so you’re on your own. Parents have decided it’s a cultural norm to have their children leave the house and become

Providence College Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Providence College is a private, Catholic college with an acceptance rate of 49%. Located in Providence, Rhode Island northwest of downtown, Providence College is administered by the Dominican Order of Friars. Providence Colleges curriculum is distinguished by a four-semester-long course on western civilization that covers history, religion, literature, and philosophy. Providence College has an impressive graduation rate of over 85%. In athletics, the Providence College Friars compete in the NCAA Division I  Big East Conference. Considering applying to Providence College? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Providence College had an acceptance rate of 49%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 49 students were admitted, making Providence Colleges admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 11,421 Percent Admitted 49% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 20% SAT Scores and Requirements Providence College has a test-optional standardized testing policy. Applicants to Providence may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required.  During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 47% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 610 670 Math 600 690 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that of those students who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of  Providence Colleges admitted students fall within the  top 20% nationally  on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Providence scored between 610 and 670, while 25% scored below 610 and 25% scored above 670. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 600 and 690, while 25% scored below 600 and 25% scored above 690. While the SAT is not required, this data tells us that a composite SAT score of 1360 or higher is competitive for Providence College. Requirements Providence College does not require SAT scores for admission. For students who choose to submit scores, note that Providence participates in the scorechoice program, meaning that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Providence does not require the essay section of the SAT. Note that Providence does not review or consider SAT Subject test scores for admission. ACT Scores and Requirements Providence College has a test-optional standardized testing policy. Applicants may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 20% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 26 33 Math 25 29 Composite 26 30 This admissions data tells us that of those who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of Providence Colleges admitted students fall within the  top 18% nationally  on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Providence received a composite ACT score between 26 and 30, while 25% scored above 30 and 25% scored below 26. Requirements Note that Providence does not require ACT scores for admission. For students who choose to submit scores, Providence College does not superscore ACT results to create a new composite score; though they will consider your highest subscores from each section. Providence does not require the ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for Providence Colleges incoming freshmen class was 3.45, and nearly half of students had average GPAs of 3.5 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Providence College have primarily high B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Providence College Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Providence College. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Providence College, which accepts fewer than half of applicants, has a selective admissions process. However, Providence has a holistic admissions process and is test-optional, and admissions decisions are based on much more than numbers. A strong application essay and glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a rigorous course schedule. Providence is particularly interested in applicants with a challenging high school curriculum which includes Honors and AP classes. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and test scores are outside of Providence Colleges average range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that most students who got into Providence College had GPAs of 3.3 or higher, SAT scores (ERWM) above 1150, and ACT composite scores of 24 or better. Many successful applicants had solid A averages. If your SAT or ACT scores are below the optimal range for Providence you can take advantage of the colleges test-optional admissions policy. If You Like Providence College, You May Also Like These Schools University of ConnecticutBoston UniversityFordham UniversityBrown UniversityUniversity of New HampshireSyracuse UniversityUniversity of VermontVillanova University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Providence College Undergraduate Admissions Office.

New Step by Step Roadmap for Goals Essay Mba Samples

New Step by Step Roadmap for Goals Essay Mba Samples Facts, Fiction and Goals Essay Mba Samples It's far less difficult to commence the writing process when you've got a sample to inspire you. You let us know how you wish to construct your package and we're going to provide you with a quote. There are some fundamental formatting hints that you should follow for every MBA essay. If you're emailing your essay, follow all the instructions. In the event the business school states the essay is optional, then you ought to DEFINITELY write one. When searching for an MBA essay editing support, make sure you have a look at a few things. Review what you've been requested to address in your essay Sometimes educational institutions wish to find out more than just your career objectives. More to the point, the essays that follow are most likely to supply comfort, that there's no formula or singular means to craft a thriving answer. Starting your research and personal networking now will set you in a good place to prepare the most specific and productive essays. It appears simple to come up with a couple targets. If you are going through such struggles, you've got two choices either employ the very best essay writing service and pay for skilled support or learn to compose an IELTS essay from our guide. Darden would like to know all the many facets of your background and personality. An MBA is an essential part of my career objectives, and as such plays an important part in achieving my life objectives. Admissions committees wish to be impressed but they would like to be impressed by you. Prove your worth there are a great deal of applicants that are hoping to have a scholarship. As a consequence, navigating a career requires you to be adaptable. Its MBA program enjoys a good reputation on the planet. Admissions managers aren't searching for a particular answer to any of the questions. The admissions committee is searching for applicants that are dedicated and goal oriented. Admissions committee officers are on the watch for the very best possible candidate profiles. To begin with, you should describe what you intend to do immediately after your MBA. What's Really Going on with Goals Essay Mba Samples Our essay prompts are extremely personal in nature and we would like to get to understand the applicant as best as possible. A quick essay demonstrates that it is possible to express yourself clearly and concisely. Essay writing tips You want to take a while to think about a few fundamental questions. Ultimately, writing a quick essay will permit you to return and resolve any errors you have made. If this is the case, you know you've answered the question clearly. Ideally, each man or woman who reads your essay ought to be in a position to understand each question individually and understand how to organize your argument. If you compose an essay arguing an argument, you are going to have to begin a thesis statement. The very first point to comprehend when writing your essay is you don't have to change your competition, and you can't, but you have to make yourself stand out. Life, Death, and Goals Essay Mba Samples Halfway through the program, I dropped from the program in October 1998. There are services that only work with your essays, but if you may locate a package support, you might end up saving money in the long term. Some schools ask you to also speak about why you're interested in their precise program, as part of the identical prompt. For instance, if the company school requested a DOC, that is exactly what you should send. A Startling Fact about Goals Essay Mba Samples Uncovered The simple truth is, though, with the ideal consulting agency, you may be the ideal candidate for the program. Make certain it is error-free one of the most typical explanations for why an application is rejected is as it is poorly written. For instance, you can say you agree or disagree, then you create the simple method which you will utilize to do it. Assuming that you would like to get hired by a great company, generally you'll be requested to write an expert goals essay to demonstrate that you're the most appropriate candidate to occupy the available position. The applicant has communicated both a comprehension of the market, and a passion to fix a particular issue. Along with the four chief characteristics, the candidate should demonstrate a mixture of risk-taking, creativity, and extroversion. You require an approach that's going to coordinate with the way that your admissions team would like to hear you. For me, team Fuqua is similar to playing in an amazing band.

International Trade & Enterprise

Question: Discuss about theInternational Trade Enterprise. Answer: Introduction The WTO (World Trade Organization) is an international organization that deals with the global rules of trade. WTO plays a major role in order to manage the trade rules as well as agreements that are mainly negotiated by the WTOs members. Doha agreement is also an important trade agreement of WTO. Along with this, this research essay is helpful to describe the Doha agreement of WTO in an effective and a significant manner. Doha Agreement of WTO Doha Agreement that is also known as Doha Round or Doha Development Agenda is a trade negotiation agreement among the WTOs members. The Doha Round was officially commenced in November 2001, in Doha, Qatar at the 4th Ministerial Conference of WTO (Lester, 2016). Along with this, the major objective of Doha agreement was to amend trade rules to reduce trade barriers and to improve international trading system in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. The Doha agreement covers around twenty areas of trade. The basic objective of Doha round is to improve the trading view of developing countries. In addition to this, the Doha Agreement was helpful to provide the authorization for the negotiations that are related to services, agriculture, trade facilitation, WTO rules, an intellectual property, industrial goods market access, development and so on (Hohmann, 2008). On the other hand, the Doha agreement is also helpful to address the problems that are faced by developing countries in order to implement the WTO agreements at the time of trade. Moreover, there are numerous major issues that were major subject of Doha round. These issues are listed as below: To develop agricultural subsidies To guarantee new liberalization in the global economy To develop entrance of developing countries into global markets for their exports (Ahearn, 2011). Along with this, Doha agreement was also helpful to provide opportunities to developing countries; so they may revitalize confidence in global trade and also robust global trading system in an appropriate manner. Moreover, the purpose of the Doha Round was to condense trade barriers in order to spread out global economic growth, opportunity and development effectively (Lester, 2016). In addition to this, Doha Trade Round mainly focuses on four important areas. The major areas of Doha round are described as below: To Cut Tariffs on Industrial Goods Services: The main focus of Doha Round was to reduce the tariff rates of agricultural and non-agricultural goods services. The main reason behind it is that, in 2000, the average tariff rates on agricultural products were 22.9% for Canada, 18.2% for Japan, 17.3% for the EU (European Union), and 11% for the US (United States) (Hufbauer, Schott and Wong, 2010). Apart from this, the tariff rates on non-agricultural products were 4.7% for the US, 4.5% for the EU, 4.4% for Canada, and 4.0% for Japan. To Phase out Subsidies: The other main object of Doha agreement was to phasing out subsidies. It is because of subsidies initiate noteworthy distortions into the creation of agricultural products. These subsidies decrease the volume of agricultural trade, increase prices to consumers, and also support the overproduction of products that are deeply financed (Wilkinson and Scott, 2013). To Reduce Antidumping Laws: The Doha agreement was also helpful in order to diminish antidumping laws that countries impose on foreign goods. Health Protection in Poorer Nations: The Doha agreement was helpful to illustrate that intellectual property must be allocate health fortification in poorer nations. According to this agreement, rich countries would be obliged to fulfill all the rules of agreement within a year (Eilers, 2011). But, the poor and the very poorest countries will have a relaxation of 5 years and 10 years respectively. Thus, Doha agreement was very valuable to provide support to the developing countries. Conclusion On the basis of above analysis, it can be said that, Doha agreement was an important agreement of WTO. Moreover, the Doha agreement was helpful to reduce trade barrier and to improve trade opportunities in an effective and an appropriate manner. References Ahearn, R. J. (2011). International Trade and Finance: Key Policy Issues for the 112th Congress. USA: DIANE Publishing. Eilers, H. (2011). The World Trade Organization and the Doha Round 2008 - A Pause or Breakdown? Germany: GRIN Verlag. Hohmann, H. (2008). Agreeing and Implementing the Doha Round of the WTO. USA: Cambridge University Press. Hufbauer, G.C., Schott, J.J. and Wong, W. F. (2010). Figuring Out the Doha Round. Australia: Peterson Institute. Lester, S. (2016). Is the Doha Round Over? The WTO's Negotiating Agenda for 2016 and Beyond. Wilkinson, R. and Scott, J. (2013). Trade, Poverty, Development: Getting Beyond the WTO's Doha Deadlock. NY: Routledge.

Apples International Retail Strategy

Response to Intervention and Assistive Technology

Response to Intervention and Assistive Technology Introduction Response to intervention (RTI) can be defined as a framework that enables the differentiations of instructional interventions for each student based on their demonstrated need (Greenwood et al., 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Response to Intervention and Assistive Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More RTI encompasses the use of universal screening for all students to identify those experiencing learning difficulties as well as those with Special Learning Disability (SLD) before there is a measurable discrepancy that qualifies the student for special services. The identified students are provided with additional intervention, frequent monitoring and assistive technology tools so as to improve their performance. Assistive technology is one of the RTI interventions and is provided for individuals with disabilities so that they can perform functions deemed difficult or impossible. Response to i ntervention (RTI) implementation Practices RTI identifies students with learning problems that need specialized and individual attention as well as other individualized interventions which include Assistive Technology (Beard, Carpenter Johnston, 2011). RTI has been proposed as an alternative to IQ discrepancy method and has been approved in most states in the United States (Hughes Dexter, 2011). In RTI, the teacher intervenes and provides targeted instructions and appropriate resources when a child shows signs of learning difficulties. This effectively prevents a child’s academic and social failure and secures his success (Beecher, 2011). Most of the RTI models use a three tier plan. Tier 1 involves evaluation of all the students in the whole class. At this stage, students are screened in order to identify those with learning disabilities. Students who fail to attain the cutoff marks move to tier 2 where targeted skills are evaluated and their progress monitored twice a mon th. Tier 2 is comprised of a small group of students who are regularly monitored, assessed and given special training. After the monitoring process, the instructors decide whether to move the students to tier 1 or tier 3.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tier 3 students receive intensive, individual instructions and may also be referred for special education evaluation. The RTI model is more beneficial than â€Å"Wait to fail† model as students with learning disabilities and those at risk can receive special interventions (Beecher, 2011). One major aspect of RTI is progress monitoring. A variety of methods have been developed for this purpose. Student’s performance in â€Å"at risk areas† such as mathematics, reading and social behavior should be closely checked so that they are moved from tier 1 to tier 2. The method to be used must be evaluated in terms of validity and reliability. One recommended method is the Curriculum Based Measurement (CBM). This method describes the academic competence of a student, tracks academic development and improves the student achievement (Hughes Dexter, 2011). The main benefits of monitoring include: faster students learning, ability for tutors to make informed decisions, easy accountability as the student’s progress is documented, efficient communication with family members about the student’s progress, high expectations by tutors and reduced referral incidences. Benefits of using RTI RTI has proven to be beneficial to the education system. One of the major benefits of RTI is the ability to identify the student’s academic needs at an early stage. This ensures that the requisite intervention methods are adopted thereby safeguarding and improving the student’s performance (Myers, Simonsen George, 2011). Another benefit highlighted by teachers is the ability to group stud ents with weakness into smaller groups. These groups can be accorded intensive instruction and extra assistance so that their overall performance improves (Swanson et al., 2012). Collaborative effort is also another benefit of RTI. Through RTI, all teachers, counselors, administrators and other interventionist participate in problem solving exercise which is beneficial to the students and also results to increased consultation among the teachers (Swanson et al., 2012). Collaborative effort enhances the learning process and ensures that appropriate instructions are accorded to tier 2 and tier 3 students.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Response to Intervention and Assistive Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More RTI has also been found to reduce the number of students being referred for special education. The use of RTI showed a 38% decline in the number of students referred for special education at preschool le vel. Though interventions, student’s experiencing learning difficulties can be specially trained thereby preventing their referral to special education (Greenwood et al., 2012). RTI Problems and Challenges The implementation of RTI poses many challenges. There is no criterion that has been developed to aid in identifying students at risk in tier 1 screening (Hughes Dexter, 2011). Some tutors use the percentile method so as to identify students performing below average. However, this method has been criticized as there will always be students in the lowest quartile, that is, students may be ranked last in a class but this does not necessary mean that they have difficulties. This presents a problem in the identification of students at risk and makes screening exceptionally difficult. Another impediment to RTI is lack of knowledge and resources. Teachers lack the knowledge on how to differentiate the different levels of instructions that students may need. This can be alleviate d through appropriate training so that tutors can conceptualize on ways of meeting the student’s educational needs (Greenwood et al., 2011). Other challenges include: workforce quality, lack of appropriate intervention strategies, lack of progress monitoring tools and poor administrative resources. Use of Assistive Technology (AT) in RTI Assistive technology encompasses the different services and equipments that are used by individuals with disability so as to enable them perform functions that are deemed impossible. AT devices and services are used to increase and improve the functional capabilities of students with disabilities. AT differs from universal design for learning (UDL) in that; while UDL involves the development of products and services that can be used by a wide range of users, AT devices are specific and the products developed are used to enhance the learning ability of disabled students.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More RTI works in conjunction with AT. The RTI process identifies students with special needs that prevent them from using UDL devices. These students are availed AT equipments to improve their performance. Thus, RTI assist in the identification of struggling students while AT provides some remedial measures to students facing difficulties. Neglecting the use of RTI can result to serious negative consequences. Universal screening is necessary so as to identify students with academic difficulties so that extra attention is given to them. When this is not done, the student’s academic performance may drop and result to eventual failure. RTI is designed as an effective service delivery tool through which effective training can be accorded to academically poor students. Providing intervention at an early childhood level provides important social, emotional and literacy experiences which prevent the need for special education. Without early intervention: poor literacy, behavioral disord ers and language problem may result (Greenwood et al., 2011). One of the main RTI process is effective monitoring of students. When this is not done, the teacher may fail to identify the declining student performance and this eventually increases the number of students recommended for special education. Neglecting the use of RTI especially in disabled children can result to drastic problems. RTI evaluations effectively identify students with difficulties while using UDLs and recommend the use of AT. When this is not performed, the students may have difficulties during study and this result to eventual failure. References Beard, L.A., Carpenter, L.B., Johnston, L.B. (2011). Assistive technology: Access for all students (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Beecher, C.C. (2011). Response to Intervention: A socio-cultural perspective of the problems and the possibilities. Journal of education,191(3),1-8. Greenwood, C.R., Bradfield, T., Kaminski, R., Linas, M., Car ta, J., Nylander, D. (2011).The response to intervention RTI approach in early childhood. Focus on exceptional children, 43(9),1-23. Hughes, C. Dexter, D. (2011). Response to Intervention: A Research-Based Summary. Current Perspectives on Learning Disabilities and ADHD, 50(1), 4–11. Myers, D. M., Simonsen, B., George, S. (2011). Increasing Teachers’ Use of Praise with a Response-to-Intervention Approach. Education and Treatment of Children,34(1). Swanson,E., Solis, M., Ciullo, S. Mckenna , J. (2012). Special Education Teachers’ Perceptions and Instructional Practices in Response to Intervention Implementation. Learning Disability Quarterly, 35(2),115–126.

Why Did the Axis Powers Form During World War II Essay

Why Did the Axis Powers Form During World War II - Essay Example The Axis Powers were formed on the basis of three countries – Germany, Italy, and Japan. The powers later expanded to include the states that fell victims to fascist violence and surrendered themselves to the military superiority of the Axis Powers. Reasons behind the creation of the Axis Powers were numerous, but the most important was the desire of Germany, Italy and Japan to expand their territorial possessions. The territorial ambitions of the Axis states had been explicit even before the beginning of WWII, and the creation of the Axis Powers made it easier for Germany, Italy and Japan to expand their territorial presence in Europe and beyond. The Second World War is fairly considered as one of the most complicated military conflicts in the history of humanity. Just a hundred years after Karl von Clausewitz created his landmark paper on strategic planning in military operations, the entire world engaged in one of the most terrible and destructive military conflicts.1 Befor e World War II, all military conflicts, including international ones, had been fairly simple: one country would attack another one, defeat or retreat it to occupy a new position.2 During the Second World War, even the simplest things became extremely complicated, and the creation of the Axis Powers reflected the discussed complexity. The formation of the Axis Powers marked a new stage in the development of the international military conflict and had the goal of fulfilling the desires and ambitions of its members. During WWII, enemies fought as members of one of the two alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The Axis Powers based on Germany, Italy, and Japan.3 German hegemony within the Axis Powers was undeniable; Italy and Japan followed German orders without any opposition. Simultaneously, the Axis Powers were formed in ways that distributed the weight of political and military influence among its members: while Germany controlled most of continental Europe, Italy controlled the Medit erranean Sea and Japan was given the fullest control over the Pacific and East Asia.4 Apparently, territorial ambitions were the main reason why Italy and Japan joined the Axis Powers. The latter also had the goal of destroying the communist regime and weakening the unprecedented political and military strength of the Soviet Union.5 However, territorial expansion was still the major element of cooperation uniting Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Axis Powers fought hard to expand their territorial presence and create several large empires, based on conquering other states and overthrowing their political regimes.6 Among the Allies, the Axis Powers were considered as states that exhausted all honorable means to create peace and were willing to bargain even for a half of the loaf when they could not get the whole – this is what Mr. Myron Taylor said upon his visit to Rome in 1942.7 It should be noted, that the territorial ambitions of the Axis Powers had become visible even before the beginning of the Second World War. On November 1, 1936, Italy and Germany formed a Rome-Berlin Axis with the interest of destabilizing the peace and order in continental Europe.8 The Rome-Berlin Axis relied on friendship between the two countries and exemplified a productive attempt to expand the power of influence on other states in Europe and beyond. Just a month later, Japan and Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact against the Soviet Union; the Pact was joined by Italy on November 6, 1937.9 By the end of 1938, the territorial a

Pathophysiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pathophysiology - Essay Example In such a case Flovent 110 and Severent is prescribed. Flovent is administered in three doses for the low dose 44ug, medium dose 110ug and high dose 220 ug. The Severent is in the form of MDI, which offers 25ug/puff and also in the form of DPI, which gives 50g/blister (p. 555). Flovent is not an immediate cure therefore one should never increase the dose either stop using the drug. I agree that the patient education is necessary because Flovent is administered orally, and one should shake the container before use. The patient is supposed to breathe deeply and then exhale. As the patient is inhaling one is supposed to put the lips around the mouthpiece and push the container. The patient is supposed to rinse the mouth with water and avoid spraying the drug into the eyes (Pocket Books & Thompson, 2007). In asthma patient, the peak flow meter is important to help know when an attack is about to occur (Levy, Hilton & Barnes, 2000). I agree Stacey Kneeland that controllers assist in managing inflammation and swelling of the airways and prevent them from being delicate to asthma provocative (Graham & ‎Kurtis, 2010). Inhaled corticosteroids are safe and well condoned when used in the right dose. The two commonly used inhalers are budesonide and fluticasone. Side effects may include nosebleeds, sore throats, hoarseness, mouth infection, dry mouth and nose, bad taste in the mouth and nausea. Moreover, patient education is imperative because they are supposed to rinse their mouths and spit after inhalation when using inhaled corticosteroids. The patient is supposed to know how to interpret the peak flow meter reading to prepare for the next attack (Graham & ‎Kurtis, 2010). I agree that Pulmicort is an anti-inflammatory steroid drug prescribed for children aged between 12 months to eight years and is inhaled on a daily basis. I agree that the peak flow meter is used to measure peak expiratory flow to dete rmine the air flows

Unconditioned Response And Conditioned Response Physical Education Essay

Unconditioned Response And Conditioned Response Physical Education Essay According to Pavlov, specific terms begin to be used to describe conditioning such as unconditioned response and conditioned response. Based on Ivan Pavlovs experiment, the natural response to food for a dog is to salivate. This is called unconditioned response (UCR) to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which in this case is the food. Then, a neutral stimulus (NS; bell) accompanies the process. By repeating this process, there will be a conditioned response (CR) of salivating with the mere sound of the bell. This way the clicking stimulus now has become conditioned stimulus (CS), which is able to draw a conditioned response. According to Martin and Pear (2005), there are several features that increase the effectiveness of classical conditioning. One of it is that there has to be multiple pairings only between the CS and the UCS in order to increase the effectives of the CS to provoke response from the CR (highest potency). Moreover, the CS and UCS have to be stimuli that are presente d in its maximum power so that the conditioning will be stronger. Morsella (2010) explains that classical conditioning can be found around us from the time we were born. She describes that the liking we have for food that looks artificial and does not have any odour such as lollipops and certain types of candies are due to the effects of classical conditioning. Another application of classical conditioning is to treat toddlers and adults with Enuresis, and managing phobia using systemic desensitization in psychotherapy. Apart from that, classical conditioning is also applicable in the advertising sector. The application of the principles of classical conditioning in the three sectors will be further discussed in this paper. One of the most pioneer contributions of classical conditioning in the medical setting is to treat children and adults who are suffering from enuresis. According to Gross and Dornbush (1983) one form of enuresis that is common among children who are between 5 and 14 years of age is nocturnal enuresis, affecting mostly boys than girls. They explained that nocturnal enuresis is the act of constant bed-wetting at night during sleep despite being potty trained. This behaviour is considered an enuresis if it occurs at least a few times in a month without identifiable physiological cause. It has been discussed that nocturnal enuresis causes many communal and psychological dilemmas as the children will not want to spend the night away from home due to fear of embarrassment. Lemelin and Lemelin (1989) describes the results of using many forms of treatment in dealing with nocturnal enuresis and have identified that enuresis alarm is the best treatment available. According to Schmitts explanation (as cited in Lemelin Lemelin, 1989) explained how enuresis alarm works and its association with the principles of classical conditioning. An enuresis alarm is attached to the front portion of the childs underwear making it convenient to be carried along even during travelling. When a few urine droplets fall on the device, the two electrodes get connected triggering the alarm. The sound created awakens the child, which automatically prompts the child to control the bladder and stop the process of urinating. Then, the child can go to the toilet to complete the urination process. The effectiveness of this treatment will only be seen with multiple trials similar to the case of Ivan Pavlovs dogs. Initial stages (several weeks), the child would only be awake once he or she has completely urinated. Several weeks after that, the child would wake up half way through the process of urinating due to the alarm, thus enabling the child to contract the bladder muscles to stop urination, and continue in the toilet. As a result of repeating this process, in the long run the child will wake up by the mere feeling of wanting to urinate rather than the sound produced by the alarm after urination. The condition improves in one month and complete cure is achieved within three to four months. However the child will have to put on the underwear with the enuresis alarm until dry nights are achieved consecutively for three weeks. 1st Step Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Alarm (sound) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCR) Waking up 2nd Step UCS (multiple times) paired with Alarm (sound) Neutral Stimulus to Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Full bladder (need to urinate) Conditioned Response (CR) Waking up Many studies have found that the use of enuresis alarm has helped children suffering from any form of enuresis such as nocturnal enuresis and monosymtomatic nocturnal enuresis. Ozgur, Ozgur, Dogan and Orun (2009) has conducted a study on the effectiveness of enuresis alarm in helping 40 children ages 6 to 16 years old with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis to the extent of bed-wetting at least three times in a week. All the participants were told to use the alarm for 12 weeks. The parents and children were shown how the alarm reacts to urine. They only considered a persons treatment as being successful if they managed to keep their bed dry for 14 days continously. Meanwhile, a person is said to have relapsed if they wet their bed one night or more in a week. The results after the initial 12 weeks of using the alarm showed that 27 out of 40 patients kept their beds dry successfully. During the three-month follow-up of still using the alarm at bed-time, it was found that only 9 of the initial achievers stayed dry, while 18 of them relapsed. In the subsequent three- month follow-up, 7 of the 18 relapsed participants showed successful results. Finally after another three months, out of the 7 successful participants, 4 of them achieved dry nights. In total, 13 of them stayed dry and managed to get their enuresis treated. This system works in the same way as explained by Schmitts explanation (as cited in Lemelin Lemelin, 1989). The results of this study are considered to be good by Rocha, Costa and Silvares (2008). They explained that during a long-period of treatment using alarm, the familys level of motivation, socio-economic status and circumstances at home play a huge role in keeping things consistent given that the alarm has to be used daily without fail. Enuresis can be better managed without the reliance of medication as urinating is a normal bodily function that needs to be controlled everyday during sleep and as such the use of enuresis alarm is a better l ong term solution as it is carried out for long period of time. Eventually the child will learn to wake up from sleep the very moment the feeling of voiding appears, which is the normal response expected from the human physiological system. In addition to the study above, Berg, Forsythe and McGuire (1982) conducted a study on 54 children (35 boys and 9 girls) on how they responded with the pad and bell system for initially 4 weeks before extending their treatment for another five months. The pad and bell system works in the same way as the enuresis alarm where the alarm, which is the unconditioned stimulus provokes a response of waking up (unconditioned response). Over time, when full bladder (neutral stimulus) is paired with the bell sound produced by the pad and bell system, the full bladder becomes the conditioned stimulus for the conditioned response of waking up. They were also interested to study the effects of Maximum Functional Bladder Capacity (MBC) and the childs affective issues using the Rutter A (parent) Scale to determine the outcome of the treatment for enuresis. Before the pad and bell system was introduced to the children, they were wetting their beds at nights at an average of 20 times in 28 days. Howe ver, after the pad and bell approach, on average the children were found to only wet their beds approximately 11 times in four weeks. Their treatment approach in dealing with the childrens enuresis worked for 34 out of the 54 children, which could be considered as a 63% success rate. They also found that those children who had failed in responding to the treatment had higher scores on the Rutter A Scale indicating the level of the childrens emotional instability. Therefore it could be understood that the remaining 20 children who did not respond to the treatment may be affected emotionally, thus preventing them to respond like the other children who are suffering from nocturnal enuresis. Although it has been proven that enuresis alarm has been effective for many children, the fact that every child is undergoing difference circumstances must be taken into consideration, and therefore expecting a generalised response may not be accurate. Given the right approach and environment, every child will be able to respond positively towards the treatment for enuresis using the alarm system. The parenting style is also equally important, given the role of parents in waking up the child when the alarm starts in the beginning stages. In families that practise neglectful parenting, it is unlikely for the parents to take the initiative to wake up and alert the child. As such, these factors should also be considered to assess the effectiveness of the treatment of enuresis using the alarm system. The next area that widely uses the principles of classical conditioning is the advertising sector. Gorn (1982) conducted a study on 244 college students to understand the effects of external factors such as background music and setting to influence the marketability of a product. He explains that people tend to respond positively towards a product that is being advertised if the advertisement catches their attention and creates a pleasant feeling by way of eye-catching colours, lovely music and hilarity. Therefore, the features of the advertisement act as unconditioned stimulus, while, the product acts as a conditioned stimulus after observing them together multiple times to produce a good feeling (unconditioned and conditioned response). In his study he made sure that the information of the product is minimally exposed to the participants to ensure that the unconditioned features were the ones that captured the participants attention and not the information. In the experiment, there were four conditions created. The first condition involved the pairing of a piece of favoured music with a pen of light blue colour. The next condition was to match a piece of favoured music with a pen of beige colour. The third condition was to match a piece of unfavoured music with a pen of light blue colour and the forth condition was to match a piece of unfavoured music with a pen of beige colour. It was found that a majority of the participants (74%) chose the pen that was presented with their favoured music. He explained that the participants with the favoured piece of music selected the pen based on the good feeling it created. To further support the positive outcome of classical conditioning, Tsai (2012) conducted a study on 172 undergraduates to understand the effects of classical conditioning in using movie stars to promote a product. He also mentioned that using celebrities as part of an advertisement is a popular practice in the United States and Britain. Tsai used an actor named Ethan Ruan as the celebrity to leverage on his popularity to promote an orange juice brand called GARRA. No additional information was added to the advertisement. The celebrity acts as the unconditioned stimulus that naturally draws a positive response from people (unconditioned response). The celebrity is paired five times with the conditioned stimulus, which is the virtual brand to produce a positive response to the brand (conditioned response). When respondents opinion on GARRA was compared between those who were put through conditioning and without conditioning, the results showed that the conditioned group (Ethan Ruan) ha d higher or more positive attitude towards GARRA. The attraction that people have for the actor was able to be transferred to the product or brand that the actor was promoting. Hence, after repeated exposure to the same unconditioned stimulus, GARRA (conditioned stimulus) automatically drew a positive response from consumers. Tsai also found that the appearance of celebrities in advertisements leads to a higher value in promoting a particular brand regardless whether the celebrities have done other advertisements before. While, the research involving celebrity such as Ethan Ruan was successful in this Taiwan study, the same approach might not be workable in a multi racial country like Malaysia where a celebrity who is well known to the Indian community may be completely unknown to the other races in the country. Thus, celebrity endorsement may not have a generalised outcome across the Malaysian population. Another point to note is that celebrity endorsement without a good quality pr oduct will not result in repeated purchases. If people are not satisfied with the quality of a product, they will not buy it the second time even if Brad Pitt or Jonny Depp advertised it. The next big sector that uses the principles of classical conditioning is psychotherapy in the management of phobia. Wolpe (1958) developed a method of dealing with phobia using a behavioural approach. He explains that a person has to be conditioned to develop unnecessary fear on a particular stimulus such as cockroach, snake, heights or even social engagement. The classic experiment conducted by Watson and Rayner (1920) on a small boy known as Little Albert is a good example to explain the development of phobia. They found that loud noise produces fearful feelings. Thus, the loud noise acts as an unconditioned stimulus to provoke an unconditioned response of fear. They tested their finding by pairing a white rat (conditioned stimulus) with a loud noise that was created using a steel bar and a hammer behind Little Alberts head multiple times, which produced fear (conditioned response; making Albert cry and move away). After multiple times of doing the same thing to Albert, he eventua lly developed fear (phobia) at the mere sight of a white rat. Based on this principle, Wolpe derived the idea of counteracting the phobia with a contradicting stimulus such as relaxation, which is called counterconditioning. Counterconditioning can be explained using a classic study by Jones (1924) on a child named Peter. He was afraid of rabbits (conditioned stimulus). She placed a rabbit in the same room but at the distance from Peter during the time that Peter was eating some cookies (unconditioned stimulus) which made him feel good (unconditioned response). This process was conducted multiple times resulting in Peter overcoming his phobia for rabbits. At the end of the counterconditioning period, Peter was able to have a rabbit on his lap happily (conditioned response). Wolpe (1958) explained that the process of counterconditioning should be carried out in several stages and conducted at a slow pace and this process is known as systematic desensitization. He explained that a person is usually asked to make a list from the lowest to the highest fear causing stimuli. The process of desensitization starts from the lowest first before moving slowly to the higher level of fear. The stimulus that causes fear is put forward to the person together with relaxation to produce a good feeling either through imagination or in vivo. To provide research evidence on the effectiveness of systematic desensitization, McCroskey, Ralph and Barrick (1970) conducted a study on 24 university students taking the public speaking class who were found to have an elevated level of anxiety to give speeches. The participants were randomly assigned to 3 groups with five members each, an hour of systematic desensitization session, for twice in a week almost three and half weeks. In the first session, the underlying principles of systematic desensitization were explained and the participants were also taught deep muscular relaxation. In the next sessions, beginning from the lower level of anxiety present in the hierarchy, the participants watched a video recorded session of public speech presentations. At any point of time when the participants displayed anxiety, they were told to raise their right index finger as that will cue the trainer to instruct all the participants within that group to stop the imagination of giving speech a nd focus on the deep muscular relaxation before resuming the session. The deep muscular relaxation was the unconditioned stimulus, which was paired with the speech presentation (conditioned stimulus) to eventually produce a relaxed state (unconditioned to conditioned response). For successfully completely each stage of the speech anxiety hierarchy, the participants were required to complete the first presentation of 15 seconds and second presentation of 30 seconds free from any signs of anxiety before proceeding to the next one. At the end of each session, the trainers presented the previous completed level of the speech anxiety hierarchy so that the participants level of anxiety is kept at a minimum level. This is done until all the stages within the hierarchy are completed. The last session ends with the repetition of the highest speech anxiety stimuli for one minute. At the end of the complete session, the participants level of speech anxiety was measured using Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker (PRCS; Paul, 1966). According to the results, the groups that received systematic desensitization had a decreased level of anxiety by 54% while the control group only had a decreased level of 18%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the anxiety level for speech giving or any other phobia can be significantly reduced using the systematic desensitization method. This study is reliable given that the sessions were conducted continuously every week to ensure the effectiveness of the counterconditioning. However, the fact that it was done in a group could disrupt the flow of desensitizing an individual as each participant would have different level of phobia in terms of speech anxiety throughout each session. To further support the effectiveness of systematic desensitization in treating phobia or high level of anxiety, Johnson and Sechrest (1968) conducted a study on 41 psychology students. They used the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test to measure the level of test anxiety at pre and post systematic desensitization. Those who had high test anxiety and scored low ( This paper discussed the use of classical conditioning in three different sectors, which are treating enuresis, advertising products and managing phobia in psychotherapy sessions. In treating enuresis, the use of classical conditioning is an ideal method as it is non-invasive and the results have been found to have a high reliability and validity value. In the advertisement sector, classical conditioning has been proven to increase the marketability of the product. It is a common practice for businesses to use celebrities to advertise their products to increase the amount of sales. Meanwhile in the psychotherapy sector, systematic desensitization is one of the most prominent methods of dealing with phobia, as it helps to deal with difficult irrational fear which has affected people for a long period of time. In a nut shell, classical conditioning is effectively used in many other sectors apart from those discussed in this paper.

Ban a Pit bull, Save a Life: Why the Ontario Ban against Pit bull Terri

â€Å"Mom! Mom! The dogs got Cody. The dogs got Cody† (Vancouver Sun, 2007). Just a few days after Christmas in 2004, these are the cries that awoke Sheri Fontaine. Fontaine raced from her bed into the living room to find her three-year old son, Cody Fontaine, savaged by the dogs that were staying temporarily in her house. Tragically, young Cody did not survive the attack. A young life taken, a mother’s life ruined. Sadly, this story is not as uncommon as one of violence against people, they exhibit highly stubborn characteristics that make them difficult to control, and such bans have proven to be extremely effective. In 2005, the Ontario Liberal government passed The Dog Owner’s Liability Act: a ban against pit bull terriers in the province. After the bill passed, Attorney General Michael Bryant said, â€Å"Mark my words, Ontario will be safer† (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). The legislation prevented people from acquiring a number of breeds of dogs that would be classified as pit bulls. In addition, Ontario residents who already owned a pit bull terrier prior to the ban were required to neuter and muzzle their animals. Such policies against this breed of animal are not unprecedented. In fact, similar laws are already in place in Britain, France and Germany. In Canada, Winnipeg has had a ban against pit bull terriers in place for 20 years (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). Ontario and other regions have imposed these sanctions because the evidence clearly indicates that pit bull terriers pose a much higher than average risk to people. Pit bull terriers have a long track record of attacks against people and animals. A 1987 study of a particularly savage attack against a child was documented by four doctors in the hopes... ... An Analysis of the Pit bull Terrier Controversy. Anthrozoos, 2-8. Raghavan, M. (2008). Fatal dog attacks in Canada, 1990–2007. The Canadian Verterinary Journal, 577– 581. Ruryk, Z. (2008, March 2). One endangered species: But pit bull attacks are down. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Toronto Sun: http://www.torontosun.com/News/TorontoAndGTA/2008/03/02/4887415-sun.html Smith, C. (2009, April 9). Media coverage of Surrey pit bull attack prompts protest by Vancouver pit bull owners. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Straight.com: http://www.straight.com/article- 213929/media-coverage-surrey-pit-bull-attack-prompts-protest-vancouver-pit-bull-owners Vancouver Sun. (2007, February 6). Kids' cries woke mom of boy, 3, killed by dogs' bites. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Canada.com: http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=a79e501c-14a2-4964-aa02- f9a5ab25d2a5 Ban a Pit bull, Save a Life: Why the Ontario Ban against Pit bull Terri â€Å"Mom! Mom! The dogs got Cody. The dogs got Cody† (Vancouver Sun, 2007). Just a few days after Christmas in 2004, these are the cries that awoke Sheri Fontaine. Fontaine raced from her bed into the living room to find her three-year old son, Cody Fontaine, savaged by the dogs that were staying temporarily in her house. Tragically, young Cody did not survive the attack. A young life taken, a mother’s life ruined. Sadly, this story is not as uncommon as one of violence against people, they exhibit highly stubborn characteristics that make them difficult to control, and such bans have proven to be extremely effective. In 2005, the Ontario Liberal government passed The Dog Owner’s Liability Act: a ban against pit bull terriers in the province. After the bill passed, Attorney General Michael Bryant said, â€Å"Mark my words, Ontario will be safer† (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). The legislation prevented people from acquiring a number of breeds of dogs that would be classified as pit bulls. In addition, Ontario residents who already owned a pit bull terrier prior to the ban were required to neuter and muzzle their animals. Such policies against this breed of animal are not unprecedented. In fact, similar laws are already in place in Britain, France and Germany. In Canada, Winnipeg has had a ban against pit bull terriers in place for 20 years (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). Ontario and other regions have imposed these sanctions because the evidence clearly indicates that pit bull terriers pose a much higher than average risk to people. Pit bull terriers have a long track record of attacks against people and animals. A 1987 study of a particularly savage attack against a child was documented by four doctors in the hopes... ... An Analysis of the Pit bull Terrier Controversy. Anthrozoos, 2-8. Raghavan, M. (2008). Fatal dog attacks in Canada, 1990–2007. The Canadian Verterinary Journal, 577– 581. Ruryk, Z. (2008, March 2). One endangered species: But pit bull attacks are down. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Toronto Sun: http://www.torontosun.com/News/TorontoAndGTA/2008/03/02/4887415-sun.html Smith, C. (2009, April 9). Media coverage of Surrey pit bull attack prompts protest by Vancouver pit bull owners. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Straight.com: http://www.straight.com/article- 213929/media-coverage-surrey-pit-bull-attack-prompts-protest-vancouver-pit-bull-owners Vancouver Sun. (2007, February 6). Kids' cries woke mom of boy, 3, killed by dogs' bites. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Canada.com: http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=a79e501c-14a2-4964-aa02- f9a5ab25d2a5

Adult Development

The results of the interview with my three participants of varying levels of adulthood have indeed demonstrated that their changes are linked to normative age-graded influences (Bjorklund & Bee, 2006). With respect to cognitive changes, Mrs. Sarai Knowles, a 47 year-old mother of three, has within the past three or four years noticed an increase in the amount of time it takes for her to remember the names of everyday objects.She admitted that this phenomenon was preceded by increased difficulty remembering less concrete words, such as adjectives she may have used to help her articulate when having conversations. The onset of memory changes during middle adulthood was corroborated by the other two participants. Though older, Mr. Sean Blankett (72) and Mrs. Evelyn Richardson (88) do recall having such minor, yet progressive memory lapses at approximately 45 years of age.All three participants say that the change has frustrated them during conversation and two of them (Blankett and Rich ardson) say they have had to develop strategies for giving themselves time to think of words during conversations. Mrs. Knowles indicates that she is not sure whether the condition really is one that should be considered a problem. She considers herself to be doing as well as other adults her age. Here she makes reference to her functional age (2006).What activities do you know of that might help you maintain your cognitive abilities over time?To maintain memory health, two of the three participants referred to cardiovascular and neural fitness (Bjorklund & Bee, 2006, p. 126). Mrs. Richardson and Mr. Blankett have mentioned trying to eat more rich colored vegetables.They both also attempt to perform exercises, which they feel have the power to increase blood flow to their tissues (physical activity), including their brains and thereby keep them more alert (2006, p. 126). Mrs. Richardson also regularly does puzzles (Sudoku) in an attempt to keep her mind alert, and Mr. Richardson rea ds a lot.These are examples of intellectual activity (2006, p. 125). Mrs. Knowles admits she is too busy to do anything to improve her memory. She has an idea of the existence of particular vegetables that do improve memory, but she is not sure specifically which ones they are and has not had the time to find out.How did/do these roles (marriage, parenting, and grandparenting) affect their satisfaction in life?When asked about the roles they have filled and the effect that these have had on their lives, Mrs. Knowles and Mrs. Richardson found the role of parenting to be very fulfilling. They enjoyed taking care of their children and even the challenges that attended the years of child rearing. In comparison with grand-parenting, Mrs. Richardson found parenting to be easier but gained a similar amount of satisfaction from grand-parenting.She considered grand-parenting to have the added satisfaction of watching her own children fulfilling the responsibility and gaining the pleasure of being parents. Mrs. Knowles admitted she had limited knowledge of the grand-parenting stage, considering it to be as distant as retiring.On the other hand, Mr. Blankett cited the milestone of marriage as the one that really changed his life because it ushered him into the role of being the provider—first for his wife and then for the family they reared.Mrs. Richardson mentioned the idea of bereavement as being a part of marriage, as one spouse must die before the other. She admitted to feeling death anxiety before her husband died. He was chronically ill for thirteen years.Because of this, she was able to speak of the several ways in which the process death was a loss for her husband (Bjorklund & Bee, 2006, p. 325). He lost functionality gradually, and in a way she said this was like him losing his body before he died. He did lose his relationships too because he became unable to spend time with his friends in the way he used to before his illness.He was also unable to visit his children and grandchildren in the way he would have if he had been healthy. In a way, for Mrs. Richardson’s husband, his final death was only the end stage of a long process of death.All three participants speak of their impending death with some measure of apprehension, but for Mrs. Richardson it appears to be less scary as she indicates she is ready to go and be where her husband is. She apparently believes in an afterlife (2006, p. 325).She will, however, miss her children and grandchildren. Mrs. Knowles does not want to think of death as she still has children who are not yet fully grown (teenagers) and her husband needs her.[For the purposes of confidentiality, fictional names have been used.] ReferenceBjorklund, B. R. & H. L. Bee. (2006). The Journey of Adulthood. 6th Ed. Upper Saddle River: Â   Prentice Hall.

Business Essays - Online Shopping Mall - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5992 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Online Shopping Mall This report presents the feasibility study for developing the online shopping mall for UK retail outlets and customers. The idea was generated by looking at the staggering growth of the internet user and online shopping specially in UK with a record 12.8 billion pound online sale last year. This report analysis the need for online shopping mall as it provides a big opportunity to those who have less technical skills in developing the retail online sites for themselves and these hosting sites will help them do the online business with les administration for a fee only. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Essays Online Shopping Mall" essay for you Create order The report is divided into nine sections starting from the explanation of what are online shopping mall and its importance in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive business world along with the emphasis on how technology helps business to grow. Types of technology available for developing online shopping mall are also discussed. For backend development MySQL 5.0 database is used. On front end JSP will be used to develop the script as ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s easy to learn as well as more versatile. The basic cost involved is for renting the space on ISP servers, the purchase of domain name, the registration with the search engines (directories) and the most important advertisement to generate traffic for the online shopping mall. In the end a detailed project plan on the basis of time and activities is explained in context of the feasibility of online shopping mall from data study till construction of the site and maintenance. Aims and Objectives Aims The aim of this study is to present a formal report and a power point presentation on the feasibility of developing the online shopping mall for UK customers and retailers. Objectives The objective of this feasibility report is to: Provide about the background, importance and growth of the online shopping mall in UK. Preparing a feasibility report by providing the information regarding site development, technology available and cost involved Prepare the project plan and Prepare a four minute power point presentation to explain the feasibility of online shopping mall. 1. Introduction 1.1 Concept of Online Shopping Mall The idea of online shopping mall originates from e-commerce. E commerce is in practice in most of the developed countries of the world such as USA, UK, and Europe etc where shopping concept is changing from physical purchase to virtual buying. This type of business is very popular among the retail outlets that are looking for a boost in their sale by offering customers new channels or mediums to make a purchase. This way not only the customer has more options but companies also enjoy an increase in their sale due to increased online outlet. Even after the immense success of e commerce there was a big group of business who either knew how to do e-commerce or they were unable to manage the administration of such technical field which required a lot of web knowledge. This generates a need of a place where these retail outlets can start their online business but without any hassle. Online shopping mall is basically the by product of e-commerce. The idea is to provide the easiest platform to these retail outlets that can do online business without any trouble or risk. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a site where any retail outlet can get registered and have a space and the rest of the administration will be done by the host of that online mall. Not only that but also the host will be the one who will take c are of all payment procedures. Online shopping mall provides a lot of benefits to the retail outlets on the site such as administrative, management of the site as well as invoicing of the business. Customer is benefited too. He has not only the variety but also ease to find what ever he is looking for at one place. The choices available to customer is many as products available on online shopping mall can range from within the product category (all Nike products) or an entirely different product type ( homecare, clothing, electronics etc.) from as many retailers possible . 1.2 Scope of Online Shopping Mall In UK Europe has a staggering 42 million user of internet and talking of Britain, 11 000 users are adding to the list annually. This gives an immense boost in the revenues generated by online activities on monthly basis. Among all the internet activity online shopping is not only generating the maximum revenues but also is growing at the fastest speed. It can be proved by the fact that almost 30% of all the sites are used for trading rather than attracting the advertisers for the means of business. By looking at this statistics and knowing that this will grow to another 30% within next few Yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ businesses are attracted towards internet to boost their sale with a relevant low cost, one of the best feature of online shopping. Moreover online shopping mall further reduces the cost and hassle for those retailers who have less technical skills to take the optimum advantage of the online business. According to the report of Ian Grant, as compare to Italy, Germany, F rance etc UK is the top most country in online shopping having a sale of approximately 12.8 billion pounds along with a record growth of 75% in online sale since 2005 till date 2. Building The Online Shopping Mall In general there are 4 basic steps which you have to follow to have an online shopping mall Get a company who will host your site Get yourself domain name for your online shopping mall. For a search engine you need to get directories. So Register with them Attract internet user through advertisement ( traffic generation) To maintain the sites you have to arrange the important tools required for order processing, invoicing and transaction 2.1 Background Research For Building An Online Shopping Site Before starting to build an online shopping mall we need to have clear idea of few things that will be needed once the site is complete. Domain name Website Hosting Secure Server Certificate Merchant Account Payment Transaction gateway. 2.1.1 Domain Name The domain name is that name by which will be recognized on the internet, to show our online appearance we need a domain name for our website, this name can be a of up to 67 characters in length and should be easy and meaningful to remember so that customer can remember it easily. The domain name is registered with a suffix, this suffix is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å".à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Extension and represents the nature of the website. Few common extensions are .comà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" used for commercial business website .net.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" used for commercial network .org à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" used for organization. There are other extensions available as well these include, .biz, .edu, .tv etc. Choosing a domain name is a difficult task as here are around 128 Million domain names registered and that is the reason thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why choosing a name that will represent out MALL will be a difficult task as most of the name are already taken. Therefore lots of brainstorming is required to select a name with following quality. It should be short Easy to memorize Should not be confusable. Not easy to misspell Should represent the MALL Considering these factor we can choose a domain name that will represent our website. 2.1.2 Website Hosting A web hosting company provides space and bandwidth on rent, once our site is developed we can put the content of the website on the allocated space on the hosting server, this transfer can be made from development site to hosting server using File Transfer Protocol (FTP) softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Once website is uploaded and domain is directed to rented space. The site is up and running and whenever user enters the domain it is directed to this space. A web server is a powerful computer machine which is designed in such a way that it can bare the load of internet traffic accessing the website present on it. This server can be on any plat form either Linux or Windows but should be able to handle the load. The web hosting companies usually setup these servers in data centres; these data centres are responsible for making the backup and providing security of data. The key responsibility of data centre is to make sure that website is always present on the internet. A typical p rocess of how the web server makes a bridge between the website visitor and the administrator of the website is shown in the diagram below (courtesy of eaysiteguid.com) The visitor enter the domain name of the mall in the web browser, the domain name is resolved on the domain name server (DNS) and the user browser connects to the web server which in return send the contents of the website to the visitors browser. Similarly the developer can connect to the web server to upload new contents and for management of website. 2.1.3 SSL Protection Secure Socket layer (SSL) is the technology that provides an encrypted link between your host site and the web server. An SSL is required as we want to provide safe environment to the customer as our website will be involved in credit card transaction, and there might be a chance of theft of information and customer personal information can be jeopardized. For our Shopping Mall we require SSL certificate to make our customer feel comfortable while they are giving there information to us, they need to be sure that there information will be kept private and only will be used for the transaction they are making, we are obligated to protect our customers. In the real mall there are guards to protect customers and shops from theft same as we need SSL as our mall guard. Another reason of implementing SSL is that there can be legal consequences as if some oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information is compromised, then as we are not involved in theft but we can be the source that gives the w ay to let other people information accusable and that customer can get us in to trouble. So SSL can be our first line of defence. Therefore a SSL certificate is required for our eCommerce site as we may loose customers if we canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t protect there information. How SSL Protects In SSL the transfer of data from the user webpage to the web server is in encrypted form, the code is scramble in such a way that no one can use it outside, the encryption can be 128 bits or 256 bits depending on the complexity of encryption, mostly for online shopping site 128 bit encryption is used, the 256bit is usually used by banks. This certificate is issued by the SSL issuing vendor that provide certificate with a encryption key, this encryption key is put on the server that do the SSL encryption, the website host will install this certificate on the web server, once installed when a customer access the site, a padlock is shown on the bottom of the browser that tell that this site is secure, opening the padlock shows the certificate, which tell whoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s this certificate belongs to. The cost of SSL is declined rapidly from 400 pounds to now it is between 20 to 60 Pounds per year, SSL can be purchase by different vendors like VERISIGN. There is a facility to g et a shared SSL which is provided by the host. This SSL certificate is further cheaper but the drawback is that when a user or customer check the certificate the name of the host appears on the certificate instead of the merchant that can cause confusion on user mind as the information will not match with the site owner. So ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best to have our own SSL certificate, after getting the certificate we can install the certificate on the root directory of our web server. 2.1.4 Merchant Account A merchant account is an account which is provided by banks or finical institution. This type of bank account allows any e-commerce business to accept credit cards online, it is used by customers to deposit the money electronically that is through credit cards, the process where the money is transferred through credit card is called Card Not Present (CNP) merchant account and is needed when the customer donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t send the money in physical form during the transaction. Merchant account can be opened by any bank which gives this facility to the merchant to accept transaction electronically. To open a merchant account negotiation is done with the bank or institution over the different charges, these charges involved Up Front Application Fees: This is the fees that the provider charges for handling the transitions, as the number of merchant account provides are increasing and competition is building up, most of the providers waive this fee off. Statement fee: This is the fix amount fee that the merchant have to pay for his account, this is normally around 10 to 15 pounds per month, and this fee is also called on going fixed fee. Discount rate: This is the sales commission charge by the merchant account provider on each transaction; it is normally between 2 to 4 percent of the sales. Fixed Transaction Fee: This is the fixed transaction fee for each sale, unlike the discount rate this fee is a fixed amount and not the percentage, this fee is usually 0.05 to 0.01 pounds per sale. Termination Fee: This fee is charged if the account is closed before the contract period is ended. Chargeback Fees: This fee is charges if a customer wants a refund and want to withdraw there money then the merchant account provider will charge a fee usually between 5 to 10 pounds on each withdrawal. A merchant account acts as a go between your gateway (Credit card processor) and your business account, the money comes to this account and passes to your b usiness account and if there are chargeback or user cancel the transaction money is takes from you business count and from merchant account gets out. 2.1.5 Payment Method The payment method on an online shopping site the process is almost same as the physical shopping site, like in shops peoples comes select items or products and pay cash on the counter, in online shopping site customer visit the website select item and put in the basket ( THE CART) and finally checkout using credit card. Once customer is checkout his credit card is needed to be verified, this is checking whether credit card is valid and that there is money in the account and also that there is no fraud case. The checking of the credit card can be done by using a payment processing method; there are two types of payment processing methods Payment Processor Payment Gateways Payment Gateway This method involves checking credit card information in real time as the transaction is taking place, The gateway service is provided by different companies like LinkPoint, Authorize Net etc. The gateway processor verifies the credit card information in real time and completes the whole process (acceptation or rejection) of payment within second and traction results are displayed to customers. The process works like this. After customer has decided the item he wants to purchase he clicks the BUY button on the webpage. Once the customer is finish with shopping, he clicks on the checkout button which takes the customer to a secure form where his personal information is entered including the credit card information. The credit card information is send to the payment gateway. The gateway processor sends the transaction data to merchantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bank, which then passes the information to Credit card interchange. The credit card interchange then sends the data to credit card issuer for verification. The issuer then verifies the data and sends the result to credit card exchange whether the information is valid or not. The credit card exchange then sends the acceptance or denial information to merchantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bank processor. The transaction results send by the merchants bank processor are passed to payment gateway. The payment gate way then send the denial or acceptance information to the merchant who then display the confirmation or rejection of purchase on the webpage. If transaction is successful the merchant account is debited and customers is credited (this process is done in real time). The whole process is depicted in the figure below Advantages This method provides professional solution as all the transaction is done in real time. Transaction result can be displayed on the webpage that is acceptance or denial The process is invisible to the customer. The funds are directly deposited in the merchantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bank account. And merchant donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have to worry about fund deposition as the whole process is automatic. This is because the fraud is detected before the product is shipped. Some service provider provide fraud protection as well, this protects the merchant and the actual card holder to become the victim of fraud. Transaction fee and service charges are less then of payment processor. Disadvantages This mode of payment processing required a merchant account Cost of setup is high then payment processor. Payment Processor This method is also called delayed response as the transaction is not completed in real time. When the user is ready to checkout he is redirected to payment processor service provider, such as PayPal, Verisign PayFlow link etc and these providers then handles the transaction for the merchants. The customer is informed about the completion of transaction once he is finish checkout but in actual the process is of verification is started at this time. The credit card is processed and transaction approval or decline results are informed to the merchant who is then responsible to inform the customer about the transaction approval or rejection thought email. The process works like this: After customer has decided the item he wants to purchase he clicks the BUY button on the webpage. Once the customer is finish with shopping, he click on the checkout button which takes the customer to a secure form on a third party website where his personal information is taken, once user finish checkout he is shown transaction is complete The user part is now done, the user thinks that transaction is complete but in actual the information is send to payment processor that then communicates with the banks to authorize the credit card. This process can take minutes or up to a days If transaction is denied the merchant are notified through an email, if transaction is successful the cash is deposited to merchants account. Other wise merchant has to inform the customer that the transaction is denied. Advantages No merchant account is required as third party processor will handle the transaction and will deposit the money to your account Cost less to setup then process gateways. Transaction fee and process charges are less then process gateways. Disadvantages Delay in transaction process to complete Credit card is checked for authorization after the user is informed that transaction is complete. Customers are redirected to third party website such as PAYPAL etc for checkout process and to finish transaction, this losses the uniqueness of branding as customers sees that he is being redirected and this causes the flow to break. Customers are informed later whether the transaction is accepted or denied, and if denied then customer can get irritated. 3. Initial Requirement 3.1 The Users The concept of this project is to design a website mall which can serve two types of customers one will be the shop owners who would like to open a shop in our virtual mall and second will the customers who will purchase item from those shops. An Administrator will be the one who will administer the mall, the shop owners and the customers. Therefore our design should coupe up there type of users, this include the ADMINISTRATOR who will be looking before the whole site, The SHOP owner who will be managing a shop in the Mall, and the CUSTOMER who will be purchasing the products. 3.1.1 Administrator Administrator will be user who will have full access to the MALL, he can be said as a super user, all the request to open a shop will be send to the administrator and then admin will decide weather to accept the request or reject it Admin will also responsible for managing the categories or subcategories of shops, he can add remove or update them as required without affecting the shop owners. Admin will also look after feedback sent and can reply to them or remove them. The Use case diagram below show what actions admin can perform in the system. 3.1.2 Shop Owner If a user want to open the shop in the mall, he will fill in the form and send it to administrator, If his request is approved by the administrator and is granted space in the mall he will become the shop owner, The responsibilities of shop owner is to manage the shop, he can add remove categories, design a catalogue and can remove, add or update item in the catalogue. He can also generate several reports regarding the sales and inventory that will keep him up to date f the business. A shop owner can remove the shop anytime he wants. The Use case diagram below shows what action shop owner can perform on the system. 3.1.3 Mall Customer Mall customers will be the users who will purchase products from the mall; they can browse the mall search shops, products within different shops and can compare prices. After they have decided what they want to buy, they can add the items to the shopping cart and can checkout at any stage during there stay on the virtual mall, when checking out customer can login and all this information will be updated in the checkout form. A customer can login any time to view his order status or he can change his personal details like shipping address and other information. The Use case diagram below shows what action mall customer can perform on the system. 3.2 Mall Interface An initial study was done on what interface will be created for the Mall, these interface includes. 3.2.1 Admin Interface ADMINISTRATOR ADMIN:This interface will only be available to administrator and let user administer the site from accepting shop request to generating reports and modifying site contents. 3.2.2 Shop Owner Interface CATALOGUE CREATOR: A catalogue creator interface will be available to shop owners where shop owners can add, remove or update items by category. These items will be added to the catalogue accessible by the customers. SHOP OWNER ADMIN: This page will be available only to shop owner from there he can perform the administration of this shop, this include link to catalogue creator, report generator and information updater. 3.2.3 Customer Interface CATALOGUE: For every shop a catalogue will be created from where customer can find item information and price. PRODUCT SEARCH: A search page will be build where customer can search for products this page will fetch the results from the data base and display them on the search page. SHOP SEARCH: This feature will allow customers to search for shops by categories SHOPPING BASKET: A shopping basket will be created which will be linked with the BUY button and when a customer hits the buy button the selected item will be added to the basked, the customer can view this basket to update or remove items. CHECKOUT FORM: A form will be created that will take customer information and send it to processor gateway for verification and save the transaction data in the database. 3.2.4 Miscellaneous LOGIN INTERFACE: A login interface will be provided where administrator, shop owner and customers (optional) can login; the user will be directed to the page his user type belongs to. REGISTRATION PAGE: This page will let user to register with the site either as a customer or shop owner. 4. Technology Available for Development Now dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s different technologies are available for developing software and website. Few of them are open source and do no add cost in development. For building our website we require to choose technology for Backend and Front end development. 4.1 Backend Backend is where the Website data will be stored, this data can be of the customer, shop owner or can be site contents. For an ecommerce application databases are the foundation, all the information comes from the database and all the information will go to the data base. There are several databases technologies available like MSACCESS, MSSQL and MYSQL. MSACCESS is Microsoft database that can run on windows based servers. It is used for small scale ecommerce website, it is easy to develop database using MSACCES for developing low traffic site. It is a file based database and the problem with file based database is that if a data base crash all the data is lost. MS SQL SERVER is also Microsoft based database server which has wide support, it has powerful enhanced feature like stored procedure. It is very fast and stable. A free Express developer edition is available to create local database for development and testing. MYSQL SERVER is an open source database, it also has extremely huge support community, the version 5 has enhanced feature that can be used to create enterprise level databases. It is super fast and stable as compare to other databases. MYSQL is also multi platform so that it can be deployed on any web server running on either windows or Linux. It is important that data base should be build correctly as application will run on top of it and after launch of website if a serious flaw is found then ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hard to fix the problem as data base structure has to be changes that can shake the foundation of the application. So ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s necessary that through time should be spend in designing of database. Few factors were conceders while choosing the database. These factors involve: Stability: The database should be stable and should not crash as this can make the site down which can cause potential loos to business. Scalability: data base should be scalable to handle large amount of data and can be extended if necessary once build. Speed: Speed is once of the important factor, the database should be able to retrieve information on fast rate so that customers or users donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have to wait for the data to be fetched; the data based should be able to optimize queries. Referential integrity: This concept involves that data base should be developed in such way that inconsistent data should not be saved in tables. 4.2 Frontend Front end is what the user will see on the webpage, this user can be a customer or the Mall administrator or shop owner. The front ends code brings the information back from the backend and display to the user or take the information from the user and send it to back end for processing or storage. We require a scripting language that can be used to develop font end. There are different scripting languages available for writing server side scripts like ASP, JSP and PHP etc. ASP: Active Server pages ASP is Microsoft developed scripting language used to create dynamic WebPages, it is used by many web hosting companies and lots of material and books are available, the disadvantage of using ASP is that the code can be writing by using only VBScripts as Microsoft bounds that, and writing code in VBScripts has its own limitation. JSP: Java Server pages is another technology of creating dynamic WebPages, it is based on JAVA programming language to design server side code. The JSP cod e is incorporated in HTML files by using special tags to write dynamic contents. The JSP source code is executed from the server on JSP Servelet Engine; this Engine then generates the HTML and sends the output to client browser. The advantage of using JSP over ASP is that ASP is based on Microsoft .NET architecture and can only run on Microsoft platforms where as JSP is Cross platform and can be run on any platform like Linux and windows. Another advantage of Using JSP is that beside its Object oriented, it can be used with different technologies like, Extended java beans (EJB), SERVALETS and AJAX to make site more interactive. PHP: PHP is one of the widely used server side scripting language, by using PHP dynamic websites can be created which provide interaction of user with the website. PHP is cross platform language that is PHP scripted running from Linux web server can be executed on windows machine and vice versa. The language is open source and is available without any c ost, beside open source it has huge development community with can be contacted for help if required. The language is fast, stable and secure. 5. Selected Technology 5.1 Backend Backed will be developed using MySQL 5.0. The reason for using MySQL is that it is open source and will not add cost in development, beside that it have extremely wide support and a huge developer community from where great help can be obtain. Other reason is that it is expected that the site will have heavy traffic and fast stable and secure database server is required and MSSQL is the only open source database that can be relied upon. The 5.0 version of MySQL also includes the stored procedure call, a stored procedure call can save the query data that is frequently used so that that data does not need to be fetch from table again and again, and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a sort of caching. Beside that MySQl has built in security feature and as MySQl database is not a file thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why it canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be copied from the server, MySQL is also multi platform and can be deployed on any server. 5.2 Front End JSP will be used to develop the front end scripts as we have previous background of JAVA and JSP is based on java and is easier to learn and to develop and it is more versatile and different technologies will be used like SERVALETS and AJAX to make the shopping experience more interactive and as AJAX function can be executed on user browser therefore carefully writing the function can decrease the bandwidth usage hence making the website much fast. 6. Cost Involved Building and making the ecommerce site functional require cost, this involves the cost of softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s that will be need to develop and design the website to buying the domain names and hosting service and after site is launched cost of advertisement is involve. A detailed chart of the cost involved in development and after development can be seen in table below. ITEM COST Specification Domain Name 8.99 £/year .com domain Hosting Server 70 £/month Processor 2 x Intel E5310 Quad Core Xeon 1.6GHz Memory 2 x 2GB Hard Disk 2 x 500GB RAID1 10TB Monthly Traffic Yes 100Mb Network Speed Yes SSL 14  £/year 128 bit Search Engine Submission 30 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 150  £/year Maintenance 100 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 500  £/year The actual cost of building a ecommerce site is around 3000 £ but most part of this cost is taken by the development company but as we are building the online shopping on by our own there fore this cost has been cut. We will be using open source software like MYSQL and JSP there the cost of development tools are also cut. The initial budget is therefore around 500 £. The actual increase of budget is when the shopping mall is up and then budget for advertisement will be made take can be around 2000 £ initially, but we donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have to worry about this right now. 7. Phase of Design and Development The online shopping mall will be developed by using the Water fall model; the proceeds will be executed in phases. In first phase the feasibility was conducted which result in form of this report. Other phases that will be involved in process are. Requirement Analysis In this phase the requirement will be made that are to be implemented in design, this phase involve full study of what will be responsibilities of Admin and Shop owners. The factions they can perform on the website and the outcome they expect, on the other hand the requirement for customers will also be taken consider off, what the customers can expect from the site. After the requirement are analysed the project will be moved to next phases where the system will be analysed. System Analysis After the requirements are finalize then in next phase (based on the requirement gathered) website will be analysed by creating different UML diagram, this involves creating use cases, data flow diagram and creating the model of data base which include creating tables and then normalizing them to make them optimized. After the system analysis phase is over the Design phase will begin. System Design In this phase the architecture of the website will be designed this include designing the WebPages and to create the site map which will include how customer or admin can navigate through site, in system design phase also the design of shopping cart and catalogue will be considered. After the process of designing is complete then the Development phase will begin. System Development This phase will involve the coding the system, in this phase website code will be written, the code for shopping cart and checkout will be written. At this stage the database will be created and link to the website. The whole process of development will be done on development servers. Testing As the system is being developed the testing will be started in parallel so that flaws can be fixed as they are discovered. The process of Testing will involve the unit testing in which each page is tested one by one, also functionality of the website will be tested this include testing the process of creating of shops, catalogues and process of checkout. The process of testing will continue during the rest of the website building process. Implementation Once the system (website) is developed and tested it will be shifted to production server (the host). And production testing will begin which will test that website is configured properly and all the functions are working on production. Site Launch After the system the up and running and tested on the production server the site will be made available for the user. 8. Project Plan 9. Conclusion The study is concluded by focusing on the fact that the future is all about online business. More and more people are attracted towards internet which gives them an easy access to the business world and in return the business world enjoying the raising sale every quarter. The advancement in technology helped both, the user as well as the retailer, to gain profits. Online shopping mall is a less expensive medium not only for the hosting company to start this as a business for but also for the retail businesses to open more and more outlets online with a minimum cost of may be two to three thousand pound per annum providing customer with a lot of options with a click. With this, it may be concluded that online shopping mall is a feasible business for people with technical skills and knowledge. References Practical Advice for business [online].Available from: www.businesslink.gov.uk E-commerce information [online].Available from: globalpay.co.kr/worldpay/news/ecom_info.shtml Black Enterprise. 1998. Opening your own shopping mall [online].Available from https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1365/is_12_28/ai_54195646 How to choose domain name for your site [online]. Available from: https://www.siteground.com/choose_domain_name.htm Web Host Guide- INSTRODUCTION [online]. Available from: https://www.tizag.com/webhost/ Choosing an Internet Merchant Account [online]. Available from: https://www.findmyhosting.com/web-resources/Articles/internet-merchant.htm Secure Socket Layer [online]. Available from: https://info.ssl.com/article.aspx?id=10241 Simple guide of taking payment online [online]. Available from: https://www.easysiteguide.com/articles/web-hosting/basic-web-hosting-model.html Merchant Accounts [online]. Available from: https://www.lubashawebsolution.com/Results.tpl?rnd=421cart=1205311913808444category=46startat=1 Virtual Shopping Mall [online]. Available from: https://www.oracle.com/technology/sample_code/tutorials/vsm1.3/files/over.pdf Website Development Budget [online]. Available from: https://www.easysiteguide.com/articles/web-hosting/basic-web-hosting-model.html