Home Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Home Design - Assignment ExampleSurface-mounted fans provide good ventilation for smaller areas. bounteous houses may drive more than one.Remote-mounted fans empennage pick up stale air from a single point. Or, they can be attached to a branched duct arrangement with picks ups in two or three locations. This makes them a good choice for large houses. If properly rated, the fan could be attached to a range hood.Large houses and several multifamily units can be ventilated by a single multiport fan. Some units can accept a duct from the range hood. Most carry at two or more speeds. Several manufacturers sell complete kits with all the ducts and accessories. These may cost a bit more, but the kits simplify installation.This event of heat-recovery ventilator provides balanced air flow and recovers up to 85 percent of the heat from outgoing air. By warming the incoming air, AAHXs provide greater shelter in cold climates than other types of ventilation systems. Units can be sized for any home and small commercial buildings.By employing a heat centre unit about the size of a window air conditioner, an exhaust air heat pump (EAHP) offers exceptional heat recovery efficiency. It can overly provide most of the furious water needed by an average family. While the exhaust fan is controlled by timers, heat recovery engages only when hot water is needed.Solar attic fans are a new group of products that use solar energy to move hot attic air. Attic exhaust fans remove hot air from attic spaces, while whole house fans remove hot air from both living spaces and the attic at the alike(p) time.* Whole House Fan in Cathedral CeilingWhole house fans provide enormous air movement through out your home. piece one in a home with a cathedral ceiling. It can be done.* creep Space VentsCrawl spaces collect and condense water vapor. Crawl space ventilation is necessary to prevent mildew or rot. Vapor barriers may provide better protection than crawlspace vents.* Roof Ventilati on with Turbine VentsTurbine vents can replace the hot air

Curriculum Development Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Curriculum Development Paper - Essay ExampleHealth workers need to be at the shank foregoing in promoting healthy living which simply begins by simple responsibilities same rinse hands. Hands should be washed at minimum ahead food preparation, during and after cooking before eating before and after handling patients after using the washrooms and after sneezing, coughing and blowing noses, Hand washing affair Group (1999).To wash hands is the best strategy to prevent the spread of germs in the healthcare environment. The hospitals are full of germs (disease causing micro organisms) and nurses have nigh power of ensuring that their spread is prevented. In order to impact this friendship to the nurses, a lesson plan will be designed to guide the process of refreshing the knowledge on why washing hands is extremely significant in the healthcare environment, Hand washing Liaison Group (1999) About 20 nurses washing their hands will spend only five minutes when this is done at fift een seconds each and if this is done throughout the day, a lot of metre will be spent but it would be worth it as germs will be reduced considerably and the spread will also be limited.The nurses will have to wash their hands in warm water by using the hospital soap dispenser and leally lather it up. The nurses will wash the front as well as the back of their hands and they will pretend that they are going to handle a rattling delicate situation like surgery. The soap should be massaged between the fingers ensuring that the nails are properly washed and this should take about fifteen seconds per individual. The nurses can be timed (Bergquist & Pogosian 2000).The scrubbing action is very important as it helps to break up germs and remove them altogether. After this, hands should be properly rinsed with clean water and dried with a clean persona of cloth preferably clean white towel or the fresh paper towels currently in use. Nurses should note that when cleaning hands in the washr ooms apply by many people, the paper towel is the

Online Dispute Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Online animosity Resolution - Essay ExampleThis paper will explain virtually of the advantages and disadvantages to the ODR scheme.One of the advantages of ODR over other dispute resolving manners, such as face-to-face arbitration, mediation and litigation is the cost factor.2 This factor is especially important, as legion(predicate) of the cyber disputes involve small dollar amounts. Many online problems would never be resolved if it were not for cost-saving. Inherent in this analysis is that the parties involved in the dispute do not have to hire attorneys, nor do they have to travel, which can add up to considerable be in traditional dispute resolutions.3Therefore, ODR has a grand social implication, in that it ensures that everybody in the on-line world has access to justice. The prohibitive expense of litigation is a hindrance to this basic principal, because individuals without financial means cannot yield traditional litigation. But in the wonderful proletariat world of on-line dispute resolution, everybody has a fair shot in getting their disputes resolved, as the costs are minimal and attorneys are not necessary. It might be the great equalizer.Two different entities exemplify the cost-benefit analysis examined above one is the WIPO Arbitration and mediation Center, which is the dominant dispute resolution service provider with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Number (ICANN) under its Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP).4 This entity is basically the go-to service for individuals with a domain name dispute, and has resolved some 9,000 such disputes since its inception in 1999. The other method examined is the SquareTrade, which is an ODR method that predominantly assists buyers and sellers on Ebay.5In the ICANN and UDRP systems, a complaint by a trademark holder is deemed served upon the holder of the domain name if it is sent to his registered e-mail address. If the holder of the domain name

Organizing a Trade Fair with Fresh Graduates Essay Example for Free

Organizing a Trade Fair with Fresh Graduates EssayOrganizing a trade sporting requires sustained efforts from a capable group that needs to posses some experience in the field of sales, a good acknowledgment of the point of intersections promoted and their features, developed confabulation skills, rightness and objectivity. Given that the trade fair provide be organized with the participation of fresh graduates that do not possess any experience in the field, this criteria will be replaced with their major specialization. As such, as the trade fair is open to the public, (it grants access to all interested viewers and the press), the personnel in charge of organizing it will be subdivided into four teams a team in charge of the budget, a team pass offling the logistics of the trade (renting the space, insuring the transportation means and display of the products), a team that presents the products to the potential customers and a team for public relations (meet the guests at entrance, hand out fliers and other promotional materials, attend the press conference and give statements regarding the trade, products and brass in general. In order to select those employees that possess the required capabilities to successfully and timely organize the fair, the project manager will divide them into four groups, match to the four teams needed, based on their educational background. As such, the budget team will be form out of accounting graduates the logistics team will be formed of management graduates the team in charge of presenting the products will be made up of technical graduates and the PR team will consist of communication or mass-media graduates. To determine the skills necessary for the successful and timely completion of the trade fair, the manager will analyze the organization of past events that have generated successful outcomes and hold the core requirements for the team.Furthermore, he will engage in conversations with other managers that have organized trade fairs in order to get a first hand insight on organizing such an event. He will then step-by-step analyze the process and order the skills needed at each level (budget developing, logistics, product presentation and PR). Once he has identified the required skills, he will compare them with the current skills possessed by the members of his team, and where the team lacks, he will propose improvements. To get an informed data on the skills currently possessed by his team, the project manager will analyze the education background of his personnel, divide them into teams thence and test the capabilities of the team members throughout simulations of concrete situations and theoretical scrutinys. The team in charge of developing the trade fair budget will be formed from accounting graduates. The members skills will be theoretically analyzed from the view points of their graduation marks, their capabilities of solving theoretical problems regarding annual budgets a nd multiple choice tests of accounting. Furthermore, they will be subjected to applicatory tasks regarding the correct development of budgets. Based on the results, the project manager will be able to get a clear insight on the capabilities of each team member. To test the skills of the logistics team, the project manager will present the team members with organizational concerns and demand solutions to the problems presented. Based on the solutions proposed by the personnel, the manager will identify the capabilities of each team member and their core competencies, properly directing them towards subdivisions of logistics. The product team will be tested in regard to their knowledge of the products presented, their features and functionality. The testing will be done throughout written tests as well as throughout simulations of concrete situations in which customers inquire about the products on display. The PR team will be subjected to written tests regarding their behavior towar ds customers and the press, and also to simulations of concrete situations.BibliographyWikipedia, The Free Online Encyclopedia, Trade Fair, April 4, 2007http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_fair, last accessed on April 16, 2007

United States participation in WWII Essay Example for Free

join States participation in WWII EssayUnited States participation in WWII brought many changes to the United States. Having been shot from an isolationist foreign policy back into the spotlight of a new Cold War, the nation began to accept and embrace its status as a earthly concern superpower. Although the War changed the United socially and politically, the most significant changes were economic in nature.The social order prior to WWII changed drastically after the war. unitary such neighborhood of transition was that of the role of women in society. (Amott Matthei pg. 18) Women in general and married women in particular had an change magnitude presence in the work force. There were two factors from WWII that prompted this. (Amott Matthei pg. 19)One was the fact that most able-bodied men were drafted into the military, leaving a gap in the labor force that women were openly encouraged to fill. (Amott Matthei pg. 20) The second factor was the increased need for produc tion during war time. (Amott Matthei pg. 21) After the war, while many women returned to the domestic lifestyle that was glorified by the media at the time, many more(prenominal) women stayed in the works world lured by increased pay incentives and a better overall economy. (Amott Matthei pg. 42)On the hiring side, women were no longer limited by the so-called marriage immobilize that made it extremely difficult for married women to find employment. (Amott Matthei pg. 47) The working woman served as an example of the type of independent person that many women sought to emulate in the mid-sixties and 1970s. (Amott Matthei pg. 50) It was after the war that women began to truly break down the social barriers, particularly in the work place that had kept them in traditionally female jobs, such as teaching and nursing. (Amott Matthei pg. 190)The War also portended a renewed struggle for civil rights for minorities in the United States. African-American men and women fought on wit h their white counterparts in segregated units during WWII. (Bailey Farber, 817) The African-American community was galvanized to domestic action through a program called Double-V. (Bailey Farber, 819)The two vs stood for victory at home and victory abroad. The victory at home was to be against racial prejudice, but the federal government did not take that portion of the slogan precise seriously. (Bailey Farber, 820) Nevertheless, African American participation in the war effort both at home and overseas saw many people unable to book the racial superiority theories and other inborn prejudices that led to the social inequality of the nation up until the War. (Bailey Farber, 821)After the war, changes began to occur at a far more rapid pace for race relations than before. The president of the United States, Harry Truman, desegregated the military by executive order in 1948, and as the 1950s and 1960s came, an increased sense of entitlement among minorities led to a burgeoning c ivil rights movement that captured the attention of the entire nation. (Bailey Farber, 823)From the Bus Boycott in Montgomery, Alabama in the mid-1950s, to Dr. Martin Luther Kings March on Washington, the effort to call attention to minority issues had finally seen the light of day. (Bailey Farber, 825) A spate of Supreme Court decisions and federal legislation wiped out-of-door the last vestige of legal discrimination on the basis of race and while racism did not disappear during this time, it was, in most places, shunted into the dark corners of society, where it dwelled among the raunchy and outdated attitudes that marked a backward and degenerate portion of the population. (Bailey Farber, 830)The end of WWII marked a new era in international relations for the United States as well. (Dauer, pg. 18) The race for the technology to use Atomic weapons was won by the United States, but the Soviet Union, which had expanded immensely as a leave alone of the War, quickly obtained t he technology to keep up with America. (Dauer, pg. 21) This fact, plus the growing animosity engendered by the two conflicting political and economic policies of Democracy and Communism, set up a new world order where two powers sought to spread their ideology throughout the remainder of the world. (Dauer, pg. 31) US foreign policy was dictated completely by this struggle from the closing days of WWII until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.(Dauer, pg. 34) As early as 1948, the United States engaged in an rhytidoplasty of supplies to West Berlin in order to keep the remainder of the city from yielding to a Communist blockade. US policy in post-war Europe was entirely possible on the European nations attitudes toward Communism.(Dauer, pg. 41) Under the Marshall Plan of recovery, only those nations committed to the notion of Democratic government, and thus opposed to Communism were to receive material service to rebuild after the war. U.S. policy of containment, which was t he notion of keeping Communism within its post-WWII borders, dominated the political landscape throughout the 1950s and 1960s. (Dauer, pg. 53) The United States joined but another war only five short years after the end of WWII, entering Korea to prevent the Communist regime in the North from unifying the peninsula under the aegis of the Communist theory. (Dauer, pg. 57)All over the globe, the United States sought to intervene to arrest communist influence. These concerns reflected in the support of Israel in the Middle East, the grey leaders in Korea and Vietnam, Batista in Cuba, and US association with all manner of undesirable leaders who had the sole virtue of not being communist. (Dauer, pg. 89)

Integration versus generic approach Essay Example for Free

desegregation versus generic approach EssayIntegration versus Generic ApproachAuthor NoteThis paper is being submitted on November 17, 2013, HS/100 foundation to Human work course.Integration versus Generic ApproachThe integration concept is that which emphasiss on the integrating of the various human attends systems downstairs one organizational or administrative system. In the most basic terms, an integrated service delivery approach serves people better, more efficiently and effectively.Integration calls for people within agencies to be involved and invested in the process of sustainable change. To achieve truly integrated services, organizations must over arrest their own interests and look at clients needs. (Friedman and Pagan, 2011).Today technology allows human service agencies to have a comprehensive view of client need, giving caseworkers the best information to look at services across programs and to allocate available resources to assist customers. This enables a gencies to deploy necessary services quickly in a well-coordinated fashion (Freidman and Pagen, 2011). The generic approach to human services, in part, has integration, but it is generally believed that the existing human services structure is most accurately described as an array of potentially related programs that deliver unequivocal benefits or services to narrowly defined target populations.These programs are usually separate and distinct, through which money, regulations, and professional norms, and expectations flow. While some overlapping across programs has ever existed, each usually operates in a relatively self-contained manner (Corbett and Noyes, 2008). I believe that the integration approach serves our publics best interest.To have all systems and programs come together to see the big picture, to focus on all the problems together, instead of having to go place to place to work on separate issues Unfortunately, a off-the-peg definition of service integration does not exist. We have not been able to find a magic threshold that marks the separation of unintegrated service systems from those we would characterize as integrated (Corbett and Noyes, 2008). (Ragan, 2003) states, There is no single answer. Based on observationsservice integration is a combination of strategies that simplifies and facilitates clients access to benefits and services. Each order has implemented a distinctive mix of strategies, processes, and partner agencies.

The Reflections Of Caribbean Poetry English Literature Essay

The Reflections Of Caribbean Poetry English Literature EssayAs a collective group, the Caribbean multitude celebrate an eclectic melding of the ends inseparable in our ancestry with an appreciation of the influences wrought upon us by the fib of the islands, and our development whitethorn be chronicled by an examination of the poesy and poetic styles of the poets who anticipate to give a voice to the diverse, but collective identity of the Caribbean throughout our growth. The poetry of the region reflects the distinct composite factors which characterize the evolution of the people and the Caribbean islands the difference is evident in the persons who composed the poems, the publication matter, form, style, the target audience, and the ideological interests which were served.Initially, in the eighteenth century, at mavin end of the spectrum there were poets who ascribed to the scribal imposts of the English verse as it had developed by that period. These poets hailed from the white master class and dealt primarily with a glorification of the adventure of colonization in the Caribbean. The target audience was the imperial motherland England, and by extension the other European nations. The pattern of the poems followed the blank verse, past vocal modes, personification, and a poetic diction consistent with the European poets of the era, such as Milton. The subject matter praised an idealized notion of the natural beauty of the Caribbean islands as in Weekes Barbados (1754) When frequent Rains, and gentle Showrs descend, / To cheer the Earth, and Natures self revive, / A second Paradise appears the isle / Thro-out, one beauteous Garden seems (Burnett 1986, 102). The poems therefore are typified by a grandiose, eloquent style, liberally interspersed with classical allusions which celebrated the supposed grandeur of the westward Indies. Singleton, in his A General Description of the West Indian Islands (1767), illustrates this feature There hollow noi ses, murmuring thro the vault, / Surprize the listning er whilst from the deeps / The hoarse Cerberean yell dreadful ascends, / Three multiplication full-echod from the distant hills. (106). Juxtaposed with the idyllic Caribbean scenes described, these poets, such as Weekes in Barbados (1754), represent in their acetifys a form of superficial hu domaine concern for the slaves, united with an acceptance of slavery as the ultimate lot of the slave Close watch, ye Drivers Your work-hating Gang, / And mark their Labours with a careful Eye / But spare your cruel, and ungenrous Stripes / They certain(p) are Men, tho Slaves, and colourd Black (102). The poems celebration of the grandeur of the tropics italics mine is really a celebration of the supposed grandeur of British compoundism in the Caribbean. In approximately cases the poems work to uphold the slave-based socio-political system of the West Indian plantation society. (Baugh, 227-228).At the other end of the spectrum, there are the anonymous, bare(a) expressions of the black slaves their folk songs, ballads, chants and work songs which articulate their observations and emotions while enduring the slavery experience. For example, there is the poignant lament If me want for go in a Ebo, / Me cant go there / Since dem tief me from a Guinea, / Me cant go there (3). In a frustrated tone, wracked with displacement and restriction of movement, the poem solemnizes the plea of the slave while voicing the collective encounter of the slaves on the islands. Markedly line of crediting with the poetry of the scribal tradition, the poetry of the presumably uneducated Negro slave appeared to be fresh, insightful and engaging in its simplicity. The poems celebrated the oral traditions of the Africans and were imbued with a creative potential which was forged from the melding of the English and West African expressions. Thus, even though the poems were written primarily in English, there were distinct African qualitie s (for example, the folksong tradition), which was only enhanced by the combining of the European ballad tradition Guinea Corn, I farsighted to see you / Guinea Corn, I long to plant you / Guinea Corn, I long to mould you (4). Significant to note is that the poets focus is on the Guinea Corn of hie native homeland, and not on the sugarcane of the plantations which exploited his labour. Topically, the slave would not have thought to romanticize the natural beauty of the islands in which they now lived under such persecution. Rather, focal points of their poems may have been entrenched in the desire to retain their native identities and in finding ways of re-defining their identities in the new context of the Caribbean. charm it stands to reason that the dichotomy shown here epitomizes the expected disparity of thought and should, in fact, highlight the distinctions among the Caribbean people, the evolution of the Caribbean towards the abolition of slavery gave birth to an innovativ e poetic voice, one which emerged as a spokesperson chronicling the debacle of the slave trade and the slave experienceWas there no mercy, mother of the slaveNo friendly hand to succor and to save,While commerce thus thy captive tribes oppressd,And lowering vengeance lingerd oer the west?Yes, Africa Beneath the strangers rodFrom isle to isle the welcome tidings ranThe slave that heard them started into manLike Peter, sleeping in his chains, he lay,The angel came, his night was turnd to dayArise his fetters fell, his slumbers fleeHe wakes to life, he springs to liberty.(Montgomery 1807, 1-5, 76-77).This poetic voice in exchangeable manner interwove the African oral tradition into the fabric of the European poetic form, creating a new composite form which, for the first time, attempted to bridge the gap between the regular English language and the language of the slaves. In his pioneer attempt, Moretons Ballad (1790) is an example of this Altho a slave me is born and bred, / My sk in is black, not yellow (Burnett, 112).With this initial rape into the experimental Creole art form, the fact that poets of Caucasian descent were willing to both pen and publish poems in this native dialect spoke loud to the impending communal focus of poetry in the Caribbean isles, and by extension, the duality of distinct peoples writing for the same purpose to record a share history and to give a unique voice to Caribbean literary works. That is not to say that all poems written in this time period were imbued with a humane spotter on the Africans. Many poets who were members of the privileged class ventured into this field, using the local vernacular in their scribal works, however the intent of poets such as Cordle and Mc Turk was a waggish depiction of the everyday life of the African in an attempt to appease the target audience which was still predominantly European. A prime example of Mc Turks use of the vernacular to poke fun at the African people can be seen in his p oem, Query (1899) Da Backra one fo go a hebben? / Da Backra one fo raise like lebben? / Da wa a-we po Negah do? / Make a-we no fo raise up too? (13). It may be noted however, that poets such as Mac Dermot, whose work displayed a Tennysonian sound and feel, as was needful due to continued combine on European form, in Cuba (1950s), showed the redemptive power of Caribbean unity But we like lovers twain / Are one in joy and pain, (132).The poets and poems of this era depicted, in essence, informative social history documents, however their depiction did not negate the fact that, inevitably, two distinct histories were being interwoven through the fair of the poetry which was written. Without openly acknowledging the fact, the poets became a part of the discourse of history that they shared with historians and travel writers (Baugh, 230). The veer towards the vernacular in poetry which still embodied European forms, and too now American forms in the writing, was extremely valuable a s a reflection of social realities which no longer distinguished between the people who inhabit the Caribbean islands, but quite reflected the shared nature of the their heritage. This fact became more noticeable as the Caribbean and its people continued to evolve. The turn of the century was earmarked by poets such as Claude Mc Kay and Una Marson, whose poetic content highlighted the didactic shift towards a focus on black consciousness and, in Marsons work, a predominantly feminist commentary of the social relations of the era.Although his later works were penned entirely in Standard English and exhibited the lineage of Milton and Wordsworth, the protest sonnets of Mc Kay, such as If We Must crumble reflected both the black United States American situation and the Caribbean situation of the time the racial theme is engaged poignantly, connecting the Black diaspora and speaking for the Black community generally, rather than singularly from the Caribbean perspective If we must d ie, O let us nobly die, / So that our precious blood may not be shed / In vain then even the monsters we defy / Shall be constrained to honour us, though dead (Burnett, 144). If one examines Mc Kays Creole poetry, there is, in contrast to earlier works by Cordle and Mc Turk in which the African man was patronized, a definitive consciousness of the black people I born skilful don beneat de clack / (You ugly brute, you tun you back?) / Don tink dat Im a come-aroun / I born right way in panish Town. (Brown, 7).The new distaff consciousness presented by Marson was also linked to black awareness on a holistic level. This black awareness fuses with class consciousness in Marsons simple diction and syntax, while her rhyme draws heavily from the Blues tradition of the American poetic form I like me black face / And me kinky hair. / I like me black face / And me kinky hair. / But nobody leves dem, / I jes dont tink its fair. (Burnett, 158).What was seen to emerge was poets working conjoint ly to produce a new West Indian poetic tradition. Thematically the poets wrote in the context of the changing sociopolitical consciousness, exhibiting a new level of seriousness, characterized by a nationalistic slant, an exploration of the social realities of the time, and profoundly proclaiming a lookup for a shared Caribbean identity. The poems which grew out of the early to mid-twentieth century gave more attention to the search for a unique voice and although typified by derivations from the newfangled English and American poets of the time, for example, Auden, Eliot and Pound, there was a decided split from the European tradition.Nowhere does this split show itself to be more evident than in the profane works of Louise Bennett. Written entirely in the Jamaican Creole, Bennetts work legitimized the Creole in a way that no-one elses had as yet. Employing the primarily dramatic monologue, interspersed intermittently with the dead narrative form, and with heavy reliance on th e oral traditions, Bennett engages the reader vicariously in the grassroots wisdom of her personae. Her sharply probing yet objective look exposes the navet of the Caribbean people. Her tone which is sometimes chastising, is at all times, even in the midst of her reliance on comedy as a culture medium of exposition, satirical as she figuratively holds up a mirror to societys foibles. Her ideas dwell on the peoples articulation of self and their place in the history of the Caribbean. Distinguishing identity becomes an inevitable condition as the people define themselves.In her works, for example, Colonization in Reverse, the reader can see how Bennett acts as a reporter and commentator on an event of both historical significance and psychological interest to the Caribbean people the exodus of Caribbean nationals to England during the post-war periodWat a joyful news, Miss Mattie,I feel like me heart gwine bursJamaica people colonizingEnglan in reverseOonoo see how life is funny,Oo noo see de tunabout?Jamaica live fe box breadOut a English people mout(Brown, 32).The delivery is characterized by a high degree of verbal and gestural expressiveness however the irony and counter-irony of the situation chronicle the poem. The dialect which is used as the medium of delivery serves mainly to highlight the unfolding drama of West Indian consciousness as the speaker debates the issue of a counter-colonization of England, and the West Indian nationals search for an identifiable history.To many of the West Indian poets such as Bennett, the tradition of English poetic form which was inherited as a part of our colonial history became put acrossively constrained and oppressive as the islands and their people moved towards self-realization. The need for a Caribbean poetry which encapsulated the essence of the Caribbean peoples shared history and drive towards progress and self-actualiaztion became the fore-runner of thematic influence for the poets topics. The desire for a poetry which spoke of, to and for West Indians was begun by poets like Bennett and realized in poets such as Derek Walcott and (Edward) Kamau Brathwaite. Their poems expressed a possibility for the creation of a new Caribbean world differentiated by its very divergence from Europe and America. Walcotts vision essentially delineates the social realities which have to be transformed in order for a new world vision to transcend into reality. His poetry reinvented the Caribbean landscape through the language which defined the qualities of the Caribbean life and people. The vision, which was also influenced by the plight of the Middle exit extends to all races that comprised the Caribbean. Walcotts poetry did not highlight distinctions among the people, rather when he speaks of race he refers to all Caribbean people, and this vision notwithstanding extends to embrace all human suffering and the need for survival. The Native Americans tragedy served only to deepen his concern for the Bl ack diaspora, his outrage and lament not singularly focused on the Cherokee Trail of Tears nor the Gulag Archipelago, but a lament for the injustice of all systems of abuse and slavery which prioritized the financial gain of the enterprise higher up the inhumanities inflicted on the individual. Walcotts poetry can be said to subsume the whole history of grief inherited by the Caribbean people. History itself, for him, becomes a centrally house-to-house theme, such that the gnarled, sea-almond trees on any Atlantic-facing Caribbean coast represent for the poet the resiliency of the people, their capacity to endure, and to build a culture out of a common catastrophe their leaves full(a) dialect a coarse, / enduring sound / they shared together. (Walcott, 23).Brathwaite shared Walcotts vision as he clearly established a single-minded pursuit of an alternative tradition for West Indian poetry. He grounded it in the retrieval and recognition of African cultures and of communal knowled ge lost or submerged in the Middle Passage (Baugh, 255)memories trunked up in a dark attic,he stumps up the staresof our windows, he stares, stareshe squats on the tipsof our languageblack burr of conundrumseye corner of ghosts, quaint his-tories(Brathwaite, 165).For Brathwaite, his poetry utilizes black musical expressions from both sides of the Atlantic and combines them with black vernacular and Standard English to re-enact or evoke significant moments of Black experience. His goal may be seen as to renew a sense of community and shared purpose among the dispersed African peoples. Brathwaites poems are simultaneously a lament and a celebration of the black diaspora, his heroes and speakers composites of all the changing faces and voices of the new Caribbean. Renewal and community emerge as the desired home out of a legacy of dismiss and fragmented identity. For both Walcott and Brathwaite, their representations of contemporary society resound with the understanding of the colon ial legacy bequeathed to the Caribbean people.The latter half of the Twentieth Century heralded the emergence of yet another poetic voice. This voice was that of the West Indian feminist who sought to establish the importance of the contribution of the female figure in the West Indian community. Poets such as Merle Collins and Lorna Goodison spoke out forthrightly against male-dominated power structures and engaged questions of the womans role in issues of history, class and race. Goodisons poetry for example resonates with a deep sense of history, generates a sense of creativity and focuses on the multi-dimensional roles of women in the society, sharing with Brathwaite and Walcott that vibrant sense of identity evident in her works which characteristically display Caribbean and African-American people music within a social and native consciousness that this type of music includesMother, there is the stone on the black Maria of some women and mensomething like an onyx, cabochon-cut ,which hung on the wearer seeds bad dreams.Speaking for the smalldreamers of this earth, plagued with nightmares, yearningfor healing dreamswe want the stone to move.(Goodison, 4).Poems such as this encapsulate the extensiveness of the female form, claiming the womans place as the cultural regenerator of the people.Also extending the range of artistic use of the oral tradition into the current century, infusing it with the urgency of new, deprived generations and speaking the language of the street, the poetry of poets such as Linton Kwesi Johnson gained new popularity as dub poetry, a poetry which could trace its lineage to the oral inventiveness of the tenement yards and ghettos. However, although the poetry is at times interspersed with impressions of violence, it affirms the deep cultural significance and identification of the Caribbean people with social protestdem is awftin decried an denieddem is awftin ridiculed an doungradeddem is sometimes kangratulated an celebrateddem i s sometimes suprised an elatedbut as yu catch have already guessdem is awftin foun wantin more or lessdus spoke di wizen wans af oledis is a story nevvah told(Brown, 274).The writers explored here are not all of one and the same generation. Nonetheless they identify in crucial ways the Caribbeans origins their sense of location is creatively problematic and their postcolonial sensibility appears uneasily chronicled. However the idea of a divided immigrant to the Caribbean does not hold true. Rather, one can literally trace the development of the Caribbean, and its continuing development, through the voice which these poets give to their works of art. There is a specially defined relationship of the Caribbean national to his home and identity, however multi-faceted it may appear to be. His colonial redefinition is still incomplete but the process, however delayed, is inevitable. Poets of the West Indies, through their thematic content, their use of language, their adaptation of form and their ability to acquire a target audience which was, in effect, a locally appreciative entourage, all shared in the singular rhetoric which captured the shared experience of the Caribbean people and gave to the islands a unique form of identity. As Eric Roach notes in his poem Love Over-grows a Rock (1992), the hope for the Caribbean peoples future lies summarily in transcending insularity through a shared regional identity and dream So, from my private hillock / In Atlantic I join cry / Come, seine the archipelago / Disdain the sea gather the islands hills / Into the blue horizons of our love. (Rohlehr, 284).

Muriel Tipalet Cigar Advertisement

Muriel Tipalet Cigar Advertisework forcetThis Examined study analyzes an advertisement of Muriel Tiplat Cigar , with the hold of semioticals and stereotyping , the start of this analysis entrust emphasis on semiotics by showing the process of connotation in the advertisement leading to the identifying of the signs use ( indexical , ar atomic number 42rary , iconic ) and by connecting them to Barthes mythologies further to how trust these signs creates a heathen paradigm , in addition to this analysis will show how syntagmatic relations in an advertisement arrive at a large role in invoking the audience.subsequently an analysis on the same advertisement by the use of stereo typing will be conducted relating both on how they affect the consumer optical abstract of the product with the conclusion of how booth aspects have positively and negatively affected the foreplay of the advertisement not to mention the cultural significant role of the timeline which the advertisement was pr oduced at 1970 .Books and journals be the primary sources of this course fashion essay where as Internet is a bet onary source, this essay is a research essay relying on accurate facts with adequate referencing.IntroductionAdvertisers in general bear a large part of the responsibility for the deep feelings of inadequacy that drive women to psychiatrists, pills, or the bottle. (Marya Mannes, just Will It Sell? 1964)If a woman is reading the above statement she couldnt agree any less, the shrewd words of the American writer and critic Mannes have ironically drawn how media affects our lives, critics and commenters from every discipline have seized with advertizes potential power. It has been called the most potent influence in adapting and changing habits and modes of life , affecting what we eat and the work and play for the whole nation. (Fox, 1984, p.97) particularly women and specially through advertisement. advertising are predisposed to follow basic format a slogan, striki ng image, drawing. Anything that would grasp peoples help, the dust of an advertisement contains factual information about the product or the purpose of the ad where as the logo reinforces the brand /companies identity, even though we may doctor wind at an advertisement for two seconds it leaves a mark in our minds and attaches us somehow to the brand or the product.But when analyzing on a much deeper visual level, an analyses must use a deeper perspective and in this analysis Semiotic and stereotype approach is termination to be applied. Semiotics Semiology is the study of signs, or of the societal production of meaning by sign systems, of how things get by to significance Semiotics, or semiology, is usually traced back to Swiss linguistFerdinand de Saussure, American philosopherCharles Sanders Peirce and French linguist Roland Barthes. (TMSB, 2006, P 12) entirely signs have two aspects thesignifierand thesignified. The signifier is any material thing that signifies, for e xample words on a page, a facial expression, a picture, a bit of graffiti. The signified is the concept that a signifier refers to (Kevelson1977,72 ).The basic, most essential form of sign, that is, of the relation of signifier to signified, isdenotation nearly, the factual meaning of a sign. But semiotics starts to get appealing when it exploresconnotation which involve signifying signs, signs that become the signifier for a second signified, and this is how advertising appeal to us.Using the below advertising a semiotic and stereotyping analysis is going to undertake this advertisement is the publication of Muriel Tipalet cigar. Date of Publishing 1970.1Semiotic ApproachThis advertisement rather playfully foregrounds the process of connotation. One of the first things that catch more peoples eyes when they look at this ad is the smoke which is an indexical sign (a sign where the signifier is caused by the signified) which is the cigar.This image, combined with the words (arbitrar y sign) on it,denotes, a informal indication between the man smoking the cigar and the women, this counsel to attract manful audience and using that when the women inhales the smoke of the Tipalet cigar shell follow him anywhere.In addition to the use of the iconic signs the photos of both the man and women resembling and combing it with Barthes Mythologies that every man should be with a glamorous woman and every woman should be glamorous. (TMSB, 2006, P 22)In addition to that the rich magnetic description of the cigar at the right bottom of the ad attracts audience especially in using words like delicious in taste, in aroma (symbolic signs).The use of colors as well is eye catching the yellow background with the colorful cigar packs this definitely draws more attention to the advertisement and works as a foreplay of convincing the consumer to buy this product.Jointly, all these signs suggesting cigar, familiar relationships form a cultural paradigm, collection of signs which appeal to distributively other because they are culturally, or paradigmatically, related Actually putting together two or more elements from a paradigm normally invokes, in the viewers mind.With the exception of advertisements that actually give us factual information about a product that we dont already know plugging a product into culturally plummy paradigms, encouraging us to connotatively associate a product with other things we value, is the basic strategy of almost all brand-name product advertising today(Jones,1999,115).As its shown in this ad the combining of the iconic, arbitrary and indexical signs is a way of persuasiveness, and this is why the ad must rely on another kind of semiotic structure in addition paradigmatic relations to make its message work, using syntagmatic relations, If paradigmatic relations make meaning by way of shared cultural associations, women men relationships then syntagmatic relations are those in which the sequence of signs creates meaning .The cleverness in this ad is the establishment of avisualsequence that builds a clear relationship to domain and connects a pack of cigars to a lifetime situation but yet with their product the man is assured to get what he wants (the women), And thus, the advertisers are capable to relate their Cigars, not only with paradigms of relationships, life, sex, but with amazingly taste and satisfaction as well.Stereotype approachVisual representation of reality, as seen through mass media, is accredited by sociologists to be significant in shaping peoples views of the world. Our everyday realities are expressed mostly by what we see in the media. The role of advertising in this construal of reality is crucial. The target audiences self-identification with the images being a basic condition for an advertisements effectiveness, makes advertising one of the most important factors in the building of behavior models and values systems.Media stereotypes are inevitable, especially in the adver tising, entertainment and news industries, which need as wide an audience as possible to quickly understand information. Stereotypes act like codes that give audiences a quick, common understanding of a person or group of people usually relating to their class, ethnicity or race, gender, sexual orientation, social role or occupation ( Media Awerness2009)grammatical gender stereotypes in society, reflected in advertising, are so familiar we hardly notice themv The male hunk, pursuer of womenv The female babe, seductressv The father enlist earner head of the householdv The housewife/mother figure protector of home and childrenThe following table shows how common stereotypes relate and affect to Muriel Tipalet Cigars Ad/ConsumerCommon and Related Stereotype.Relation to the Muriel Ad and Advertisement Generally.Influence on the consumer.Women are dependent on men.In the advertisement you can see by the use of the quote blow in her lay out and shell follow you anywhere that the man i s holding the dominant role and upon his order, shell follow. Its like women are treated like children In 1973-1974 study by Erving g awayman he concludes that women are weekend by advertising portrayals in the 1970s, ads are highly ritualized versions of the parent-child relationship, with women treated largely as children and that is diminishment damaging (Goffman1979,27)It creates a dilemma of temptation to the Male consumer, since every man wants women to follow his lead and demands.A good way to attract the male consumer rather than the female consumer.Women are beautiful and are sex objects.In the advertisement the female used in the image is a beautiful swart with the perfect media image In more sense Portrayals of women in advertising are not potentially debilitating and demanding, they are also inaccurate. We dont have demography of demigoddesses. Women today (and during the time frame of many of the research studies) are considerably more than flawless decorative object s , depended upon or defined by men (Creedon1993,201)A good way to attract male consumers and convince where as it creates a social conflict to the female society and their need to be appealing to me, life history up to the standards of these beautiful women in advertisements.Cigarettes make you Hip or Interesting Within two avenues of advertising, tobacco and alcohol product marketing, there are a variety of layered issues surfaced in ad imagery. Gender representation and roles, values of age and class, representations of race, political and sexual orientation, fashion, sexuality, health and disease, drugs, fetishism, exoticism and colonialism are but a smattering of issues raised in these two categories of advertising. Not surprisingly, these advertisements are targeted towards a large consumer group, one might say toward society at large, since their effect is to inculcate children how to be as adults, to suggest to adults how to be hip, and to show seniors how hip they once w ere and could tranquillize be. This is not to say that all groups are pictured in these advertisements. But all groups can have associations through them, wanting to be like those consuming glamorously, even though reality may be that the purchasing consumer may not be of the same ethnic type, physical build, gender, or social status of the figure experiencing pleasure in the advertisement.( Gender Issues in Visual Media David Jacobs)Everyone is longing for the long lasting young hip life , so by giving the assumption that the Muriel Cigarette will grant that in a way , it will attract consumers on a wider range and age group.Every man should be masculine.The look on the man face in the Muriel advertising indicates, the mysterious , attractive guy A way of suggesting that not only women should be attractive but men as well. The Traditional role as a man as masculine and the women as feminine is constantly reinforced in Advertising.To attract consumers as the cigar will make them more attractive to women , and that these cigars will enhance his look-wise role in the society.Men are dominant over women.Males are depicted as authority figures in 60% of commercials. Women were used in 21% of Radio Advertising for voice overs.(Ref)In this Cigar the dominance of the male character is shown by the use of the slogan blow in her face and shell follow you anywhere its giving the male the suggestion of empowerment over the women and by that its combing both the stereotype of the dominance of the male and the sexual aspect of female , concluding by the abidance of the female to the male .Not to mention the cultural paradigm this advertising was published at 1970, where women still didnt have their voice empowered over the media .A way to attract male consumer into giving them the suggestion that these cigar will give you the dominance over women , and that will follow you around .ConclusionIt must be said that without advertising we would have a far different nation, and one that would be much the poorer-not precisely in material commodities, but in the life of the spirit.(Leo Burnett on the American Association or Advertising Agencies 50th anniversary, April 20,1967)To conclude, media analysis is systematic and objective, it begins by delineate a set of signs and decode them to a cultural system and interpret them to how the audience is addressed particularly in advertising (Grossberg 1998, 156), in addition to that semiotic emphasizes that our perception of reality itself is constructed and shaped by the words and the signs we use, We are nurtured daily with the male and female stereotype so it is no wonder that we react with idolize or shock or disbelief or unacceptance when we dont see the typical male or female stereotype.The Advertising Industry continues to follow rigid stereotypes because we are brought up with them and it is too difficult to exert something different than the accepted stereotype. whether we admit it or not we re usin g semiotics and stereotyping in every second that is passing.In addition to the fact that There is a constant presence of media in our everyday lives , as we switch in and out , on and off , from one media space to one media connection to another , from radio , to newspaper , to telephone . From television, to Hi-fi, to Internet, in pubic, in private, alone and with others (Silverstone, 1999, P 6). We cannot evade media presence, media representation. We have come to depend on our media , both printed and electronic , for pleasures and information , for comfort and security , for some sense of the continuities of experience and from time to time also for the intensities of experience(Silverstone,1999,P1/2)BibliographyBooks1. Branston, G / Stafford, R. 2006, The Medias Student Book, 4th edition, originally published on 1996, London and New York, Routledge.2. Grossberg, L/ Wartella, E / Whitney, D, 1998, Media Making Mass Media in a best-selling(predicate) Culture, London, Sage.3. S ilverstone R, 1999, Why Study the Media, London, Sage.Internet4. Quote Garden, Quotes about Advertising, Marya Mannes, 1964. http//www.quotegarden.com/advertising.html5. Streeter T , University of Vermont ( 18th april/2005) http//www.uvm.edu/tstreete/semiotics_and_ads/the_sign.html6. Alouette, Amazing old fashioned advertisement, June 26th /2007. http//www.unsoughtinput.com/index.php/2007/06/26/amusing-old-fashioned- advertisements-cigarette-ads/1 Alouette, Amazing old fashioned advertisement, June 26th /2007.(Date Accessed 31st Oct /2009) http//www.unsoughtinput.com/index.php/2007/06/26/amusing-old-fashioned-advertisements-cigarette-ads/

Different theories of ageing

Different theories of sequenceingOne of the most signifi supportt achievements of coetaneous monastic order is the rise in human longevity. Since 1800, look expectancy at birth has gradually increased over the posterior two centuries, from forty years to nearly eighty years (Bongaarts 2006). These remarkable changes in human biology have produced challenges for scientists, doctors, sociologists and policy-makers. Over the lowest century, the growing realization of the changing demography of age has provoked sociological and biological research to apologise the effects of these changes on indian lodge. The aim of this essay is to discuss how different theories of ageing have tried to approach sometime(a) tidy sum and their circumstances.The study of ageing as social gerontology took root in the late 1940s, at a time of great social and demographic change. After World War 2, hostel in Europe and the United States of America (USA) had palpably changed, prompting sociologic al research into changes in ageing amongst different sociological phenomena (Vincent 1996). The modern governmental and stinting environment viewed ageing, for the starting time time, as a line of work for society (Jones, 1993).This view of ageing was at odds with the dominate functionalist sociological theories of the time. Talcott Parsons was a key exponent of general functionalism, and viewed society from the macro perspective of needing functioning parts in order to maintain its well- universe. The analogy was with the bole of an organism just as the body has many specialized organs which are need for the body to function, society is withal the sum of its parts youth, family, education, labour force, professionals, religion, government etc. Society required these parts to be working together in order for society to function with equilibrium (Giddens 1993).The biology of ageing had been actively researched since the days of Darwin and Mendel, yet the interaction surro unded by ageing and society remained unexplored. Indeed, the Social Science Research Council in the USA concluded in 1948 that the scientific community had paid little wariness to the interaction between biology and society (Achenbaum and Bengston). The first psychosocial theories on ageing and society took shape, and were published a decade later.Social scientists Elaine Cummins and William Henry published the first important study of aging in 1961. They advanced what they called the disengagement possible action of aging. This supposition was based on data from the Kansas City Study of Adult Life, in which researchers from the University of Chicago followed several hundred adults from middle to old age. The authors concluded from this study that growing old was a process of disengagement, whereby the tendency of ageing adults was to withdraw from society and live out their declining years with as little interference with others as was realistic. Whilst these findings reflected the social practice of the day such(prenominal) as the granny flat or retirement home environment, the authors also proposed that this theory had advantages for the individual and society.According to Cumming and Henrys model, the major shift in interaction between the aged and the rest of society occurs when older pack begin to realize their declining physical and cognitive functions and their mortality. They propose that this leads to removal, some(prenominal) consciously and subconsciously, from social networks. Simultaneously, society distances itself from the senior, and the eccentrics and responsibilities of these senile members of society are passed along to the junior ones.From a sociological perspective, it has been suggested that disengagement has theoretical benefits (reference?). For the elderly, disengagement facilitates gradual withdrawal from society, whilst preserving social equilibrium. Ageing removes the capacity for older people to function as parents, pr ofessionals or working members of society, and on that suggestfrom it promotes self-reflection for the elderly who are freed from roles of responsibility within society (ref?). Ultimately, it prepares the elderly for a decline in health and death.From the perspective of society, disengagement allows knowledge, responsibility, wealthiness and origin to be transferred from the older generation to the young. The roles of the old and the young in society evolve, such that disengagement from roles of responsibility underwrites that the younger existence have jobs and roles into which to develop. It makes it possible for society to continue functioning after valuable older members die.Clearly, disengagement theory must be viewed in the place setting of the era in which it was develop. Largely, the theory of Cummings and Henry reflected the practice of the day. Elderly people in industrialized nations in the 1960s were encouraged to live out their declining years without interferi ng with advancement and schooling. In rural settings, elderly people may still have contributed through the use of learned practical skills, although during a time of rapid expert advancement these skills were less valued than by earlier generations. This is a form of role discontinuity, whereby what is learned at one age may be delusive or conflict with a subsequent period on ones life.This contrasts with contemporary views of ageing, whereby aged populations are more familiar with the technological advances of the second half of the last century. Retirement and disengagement in this context may non be to the benefit of society or the individual. Moreover, until recently few positive role models for elderly individuals existed. Those in the public eye and the media have tended to be youthful in appearance, hindering the socialization to old age. However, with the demographic growth and visibility of the elderly population has come more role models of active and healthy ageing .In this setting, disengagement of individuals before they reached the stage of imminent mortality, whilst they are still able contribute to roles in society, may cause both social and financial isolation and lack of self-worth. Loss of role through loss of spouse, divorce or retirement can lead to an erosion of identity and self-esteem (Rosow 1985). This, coupled with the relentless improvement in healthcare for the elderly, suggests that disengagement theory may be a convergence of the post-World War 2 era rather than universally applicable.These problems with the universal validity of disengagement theory were recognised within a few years. Activity theory can be viewed as a counterpoint to disengagement theory. Activity theory views old age as an extension of middle age, rather than a separate psychological and biological stage of life as proposed by disengagement theory. Activity theory actually pre-dates disengagement theory. In the 1950s Havighurst and Albrecht (1953 cited i n Katz 1996) insisted ageing can be lively and creative experience. Any loss of roles, activities or relationships within old age, should be replaced by new roles or activities to ensure happiness, value consensus and well-being, and that this approach has benefits for the individual and society. The theory builds on the principle that the biological process of ageing can be modified by modern healthcare, and therefore the only differences between and old age and middle age are these modifiable biological processes, not societal wants and needs (schulz and rockwood).The basis of the theory is that there is a positive relationship between exercise and life enjoyment, and the greater the role loss the lower the signified of self-worth or satisfaction (Lemon 1972). Therefore, a psyches sense of self-worth is related to the roles held by that person i.e. retiring may not be so harmful if the person actively maintains other roles, such as familial roles, recreational roles, bid and community work. However, early research failed to substantiate a psychological benefit of continued engagement and activity. Lemon, Bengston and Peterson examined key elements of activity theory in a cross-sectional sample of future residents of a retirement community. In this study little connection was found between activity and satisfaction. However, this study suffers from homogeneous criticisms as the Kansas City Study of Adult Life. The study group consisted of Caucasian, middle-class, married individuals interested in pursuing an active retirement. These issues reflect a common problem with sociological research into the theories of ageing limited diversity of populations and the presence of confounding factors such as attitudes towards activity and engagement, limit the universal applicability of findings and determination of causality.A further problem with both these theories is their macro approach to the sociological phenomenon of ageing. Activity theory neglects the i ndividual issues of inequality and heterogeneity between age groups. It is clear both activity theory and disengagement theory may be suited to certain individuals or groups on society, and may not be universally applicable. Whilst Phillipson (1998) sees these functionalist schools as important in shaping social theory, such functionalist theories may impose a sense of causality on aging by implying that an aged person will either disengage or will be active. Thus, it can be argued that these arbitrary social theories are a form of academic imperialism, whereby the activities of individual elderly people are dictated by macro-orientated theories rather than taking account of individual experiences or using inductive reasoning.Continuity theory incorporates aspects of activity theory and disengagement theory within the functionalist framework. Continuity theory maintains the social-psychological that were developed from the Kansas City Studies. The basis of continuity theory is that individuals maintain a consistent word form of behaviour as they age, by replacing lost roles of adulthood with similar ones, and by maintaining a constant attitude of adaptation towards the social environment. Life satisfaction is determined by the consistency between current activities or lifestyles with ones lifetime experiences (Neugarten, Havinghurst, Tobin 1968). This consistency in behaviour implies that central personality characteristics and core values cause more pronounced with age. That is, that people who have always been passive and withdrawn are unlikely to become active upon retirement, and vice versa.Therefore, this theory does not commend significant psychological change with age, unlike the other two macro theories. It is a micro-level theory, encompassing individual experiences and adaptations. However, micro theories suffer from the limitation if not being generalisable, and therefore not being able to be empirically tested on a broader scale. Moreover, by fo cusing on the individual, micro-theories may overlook the role of social factors in modifying the ageing process (you need references for these points).By contrast, the theory of governmental economy of old age is a macro-level theory that emerged as a reaction to functionalism, and focuses on social factors modifying ageing. The theory draws upon Marxist views of the capitalist nature of modern society and how old age was socially constructed to meet the needs of the modern economy (Estes 1979). This grew out of a wider move towards modernization in sociology, attempting to explain the changes in society as consequences of population ageing, industrialization and fertility rate decline. Therefore, socioeconomic and political factors, not individual factors, are the primary determinants of the experience of ageing. These include age and class, as well as gender, sexual orientation and race.As Phillipson (1998) points out, in the UK great forms of social expenditure were allocated to older people. Consequently, not only were older people viewed in medical terms but in resource terms by governments. This built upon the idea of ageing as a burden to modern society, as Phillipson (1998 17) statesOlder people came to be viewed as a burden on western economies, with demographic change seen as creating intolerable pressures on public expenditure.The major focus of the political economy of ageing was an interpretation of the relationship between aging and the economic structure. In the USA, political economy theory was brought to prominence by the work of Estes (1979), and Estes, Swan and Gerard (1982). Similarly, in the UK, the work of Walker (1981), Townsend (1981) and Phillipson (1982) contributed to understanding age and ageing in modern British society. In the USA, Estes, Swan and Gerard (1982) state that the class structure is the major determinant of the socio-economic position of older people in society. Estes justifies this position by using a Marxist view of society to explain how a individuals social worth is dependent on their productivity. All subsequent policy towards age and ageing can be explained from this premise. Negative attitudes towards older people, and their impoverished position, can be explained by their loss of social worth brought closely by their loss of a productive role in modern society. Estes (1979) also claims that political economy theory highlights the role of the state in contemporary society. Since the state dictates the allocation of resources, this determines the allocation of retirement and pension schemes, and is therefore a further key determinant of social worth of elderly people.Phillipson (1982) builds on this point of view, ad goes on to state that retirement is linked to the timing of economic reduction of wages and enforced withdrawal from work, and hence many older people in the UK in a financially insecure position. Therefore, the state can determine the social position and future of its eld erly citizens, and indirectly shape prevailing social and cultural attitudes to the elderly. Indeed, any discussion about change in the welfare state leads to further legitimisation of the burden stereotype of the elderly in society. utter this point of view, Townsend (1981) states that society creates the social problems of old age through structured dependency embedded in institutional ageism, through lack of material resources ascribable to poverty, retirement policy, the negative consequences of residential care, and poor structure of community care. Townsend puts forward the idea that there is a structural perspective of rules and resources governing older people in modern society. Townsend claims that the approach is one whereby society is held to create the framework of institutions and rules within which the general problem of the elderly emerge or, indeed, manufactured. In the everyday oversight of the economy and the administration and development of social institutions the position of the elderly subtly changed and shaped. (Townsend 1981 9)Similarly, Walker (1981) argues for a theory of political economy of old age in order to understand the position of older people. In particular, Walker (1981 77) builds on the idea that the structure of modern society propagates dependency among groups such as the elderly a social creation of dependency. Phillipson (1982, 1986) writes in a similar vein, and considers how capitalism helps socially construct the social marginality of older people in key areas such as welfare. The key argument of these writers within the Marxist school of thought is inequalities in the distribution of resources should be understood in terms of the distribution of power within society, rather than in terms of variation between individuals.In addition to the argument that social and governmental policy contributes to the socializing and marginalizing of old age, political economy theory criticizes the emphasis on community engagemen t and the consequent social devaluing of elderly people who cannot or choose not to engage in these activities. Activities such as participation in volunteer programmes and social work may be viewed as a way to meet public divine service gaps created by reduced public funding. Although the benefits of volunteering have been proposed by activity theory, from the point of view of political economy it is social and structural factors that influence the individuals decision to volunteer or participate. For example, elderly individuals who are also carers for their spouse or their grandchildren may not be able to take on additional social roles, and may leave the individual vulnerable to social criticism. Indeed, it has been noted that a paradigm of ageing that only values productivity and civic-engagement can stigmatise and disempower elders who cannot contribute to society because of illness, disability or limited time and resources (reference?).The life-course perspective is not neces sarily a theory, but a framework of ageing as a womb-to-tomb process. It attempts to explain how ageing is shaped by earlier events, including social structure and history along with interactions with family and culture. Individual development of personality and cognition interact with these other factors affecting life-course. Time is the key variable, since it influences relationships in three ways life experiences influence relationships, family events and family transitions influence individuals and interactions, and events in a broader social historical context also influence social role and values. Social context interacts with individuals and influences them and their relationships.This framework takes account of the diversity of roles and role changes across lifespan, since it views development as occurring at all stages and not just any one stage of life. It takes into account the gains and losses that occur through life-course, rather than viewing development as a linear process. Therefore, development is considered multidirectional, with stability or development in areas, and decline in others. For example, ageing may lead to impairment in short-term memory but not in creativity or social function. Therefore, this approach takes account of micro and macro levels of development and provides a framework to shape further sociological research into ageing.In conclusion, sociological theories of ageing have evolved alongside changes in demography and economics since the early 20th century. The functionalist theories of activity and disengagement approached ageing in the context of the prevailing view of the time. Although based on empirical evidence the observational studies from Kansas city these studies were limited to middle-class Caucasion populations and yet were extrapolated to macro-level theories. As such, both these theories suffered criticisms for their lack of generalisability, and newer theories were developed as an immediate reaction.In t he context of economic troubles during the 1970s, the sociology of ageing began to be viewed in an economic perspective. The view of structural aspects of society interacting with healthy or foaming ageing has advanced sociological thought in this area, and laid the foundation for contemporary views of ageing. Current demographic issues such as the prevailing economic climate, declining fertility and improvements in healthcare have changed the sociological view of ageing. As such, these issues must be addressed as further research attempts to view life-course influences on ageing at both a macro- and micro-theoretical level.

Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- History Human Rights Research Paper

Female genital MutilationFemale Genital Mutilation is believed to have started in Egypt 2,000 years ago and spread from there. Only a few years ago, FGM was considered a cultural tradition, but now the United Nations has labeled it as a violation of human rights. Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United States has declared Female Genital Mutilation grounds for quest asylum and is a punishable offense (1).Many of us never heard of Female Genital Mutilation until the story of Kauziya Kasinga, a woman from West Africa. Her tiro did not believe in polygamy, forced marriage, or female circumcision. He died when she was 17 and the fathers sister inherited the home, banished the mother, ended Fauziyas schooling, and arranged a marriage as a fourth wife to a man she had never met. The aunt scheduled her for the circumcision and she ran with 3,000 dollars that one of her aunts had saved. What is female circumcision? The female genital mutilation term covers three briny varieties of genital mutilation (2). There is the sunna circumcision this consists of removal of the prepuce and/or the tip of the clitoris. Ironically, sunna in Arabic mover tradition. This is done because it is believed that the clitoris is a very dangerous part of the female anatomy. In our culture, Freud stated in his book, Sexuality and the Psychology of Love, that the elimination of clitoral sexuality is a necessary circumstance for the development of femininity. In 1979, the Love Surgery was performed on women in the United Sates. Dr. James Burt, the Love Surgeon, introduced clitoral relocation (sunna circumcision) to the medical field. He believed and acted upon the psyche that excision does not prevent sexual pleasure, but enhances it. Dr. Burt practiced in Ohio for almost ten years before he was exposed after which he gave up his license.Clitoridectomy, also referred to as excision, removes the entire clitoris and the removal of the labia. Thirdly, there is a procedure called an inf ibulation. This is the most extreme form of circumcision, it consists of the removal of the clitoris, the labia, and the joining of the scraped sides of the vulva crossways the vagina, where they are secured with thorns or sewn with thread. A small opening is kept to allow passage of urine and menstrual blood. A woman with this type of circumcision mustiness be cut ... ...is absolutely certain that if similar tortures were inflicted on boy children the whole world would rise up to stop it by all means.Works Cited1. Atrocities Against Women Female Genital Mutilation. Mason, Marcia L. Sept. 1995. HTTP//WWW.WORLDCITIZEN.ORG/ISSUES2. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION AN INTRODUCTION. National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers FGM Awareness and Education Project. Box 2512 San Anselmo, CA 949793. Female Genital Mutilation. http//www.hollyfeld.org4. Female Genital Mutilation. http//www.hollyfeld.org5. Associated Press Article, Feb 1998, web site found at http//www.femini st.org/news/newsbyte/february98/0218.html6. Female Mutilation in Africa, Middle East and Far East anon. http//www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htm7. ABU-SAHLIEH Sami, To Mutilate in the Name of Jehovah or Allah Legitimization of Male and Female Circumcision available online at Http//wwwhollyfeld.org8. Nawal El-Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve, Women in the Arab World, translated and edited by Sherif Hettata, zee Press, London, 1980, pg.339. The Womens Watch, Spring 1996 Vol. 22 No. 2, pg.44-49. Fran Hosken, Editor.

Fast Food Workers Need Higher Wages Essay -- Raise the Minimum Wage, F

Fast-food workers have been protesting for a minimum wage of $15 dollars an hour and the freedom to unionize. The workers have organized numerous protests this year. During the protests they have walked come to the fore and chanted slogans regarding their pay. The main fast-food companies that be effected is McDonalds and Burger King. They both have stated that they will not press charges and indeed are al lowlying the workers to return. These workers that are participating in the strike doesnt represent the majority of the fast-food employees. The people participating in the strike are not only youths but adults and elders as well. Due to the countries low employment rate many of these workers are supporting a family or other dependents. This is where most of the fast-food workers are getting their motivation to protest this industry. Unfortunately, many Americans are questioning the negative economic effects of their proposed wage and their lack of worthiness to receive that big of a pay raise. However, I believe that with some alteration and research we can find a way to make everyone happy. My solution advises that we support Obamas nine dollars an hour minimum wage proposal. It will leave alone the fast-food workers financial support, release the burden of the taxpayers assistance, and keep inflation balanced. Educated Americans and researchers biggest concern is that their minimum wage proposal is going to negatively affect our economy. For example, they predict that their wage is part of the labor cycle and if it increases it will raise prices for customers. In Brian Jencunas article, he expresses that, Virtually anyone can do these jobs with very little training. This means the translate of potential labor exceeds the demand, making sala... ...ish Fast-Food Strikes National Review Online. National Review Online. National Review Online, 5 Aug. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. Murray, Matt. SIEU President Mary Kay Henry Goes On The Colbert Report. NH Lab or News. NH Labor News, 13 Aug. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. Preston, Bryan. PJ Media. The PJ Tatler RSS. PJ Media, 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. Sheasley, Chelsea B. Super-size Strike Why Fast-food Workers Walked out for Higher Wages. The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. Traub, Amy, and Catherine Ruetschlin. Ten Reasons Why Fast Food Workers Deserve A Raise Common Dreams. Common Dreams. Common Dreams, 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. Wong, Venessa. This Is What Would Happen If Fast-Food Workers Got Raises. BloomBerg origin Week. Bloomberg L.P, 2 Aug. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2013.

Fossil Fuels Essay examples -- Energy, Environmental Essays, Natural R

Fossil Fuels Energy, whether it was sunlight or heat from a wood fire, has always been authorised to society. However, with the onset of the industrial revolution over 200 years ago, wood alone could no longer support the increasing expertness demand. The world quickly turned to coal to satisfy its button needs, and it has been reliant on fossil fuels ever since. Despite the inroads renewable and nuclear energies have made in new decades, the vast majority of energy used by society still comes from the three main fossil fuels petroleum, natural gas, and coal. As a result, it is important to populate how these fuels were formed, the rates at which they are produced and consumed, and how much is economically recoverable for future use. The formation of petroleum and natural gas began hundreds of millions of years ago as energy from the sun in the form of light radiated toward the existence. Algae that were in the ocean during this time used the suns radiant energy to produce ene rgy of their own through the process of photosynthesis. Plankton, being unable to produce energy on its own, consumed algae to obtain energy. When the algae and plankton died, they fell to the ocean floor and accrued in the mud. As accumulation continued, pressure and temperature were increased on the underlying layers of organic mud. When the pressure became great enough, the mud lithified into organic-rich shale that is referred to as the source thrill. If this source rock is exposed to temperatures between 80C and 160C, the organic matter forms into oil. Natural gas impart form if the source rock is exposed to temperatures between 80C and 225C(Marshak 431-2). The gas window overlaps the oil window, which means the formation of oil and ... ... which is having a tremendous impact on the environment. By burn these fossil fuels, the US releases five billion metric tons of CO2 into the atmosphere each year(Ristinsen 333). This number will increase in the coming years, which will s ignificantly affect the global climate of the future. Despite the limited amount of petroleum and natural gas, the addition of shale oil and tar sands to our energy militia will increase the longevity of fossil fuel use in society. Alternative sources of energy must become more widely used, or else the earth will become uninhabitable due to the effects of global warming sooner than the fossil fuel reserves can be depleted. Works CitedMarshak, Stephen. hide Portrait of a Planet. W.W. Norton & Company New York, 2001.Ristinen, Robert A Jack J. Kraushaar. Energy and the Environment. John Wiley & Sons New York, 1999.

Brutus versus Cassius in Shakespeares Julius Caesar :: essays research papers

Brutus vs. CassiusIn the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare is the story of Julius Caesars finis that withalk locate 1500 long time ago. Caesar, during the time, was escalading in power and was to become emperor. The public was mostly pleased with having Julius Caesar as their emperor alone there were people who were outraged and were determined to apprehend this from happening. The conspirators, as they were called, were a group made up of senators and workforce of high status in Rome. The two most important men were Marcus Brutus and Cassius. These two men mean and killed Julius Caesar and later led a civil war against Octavious Caesar, Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus. Although both Brutus and Cassius had their hearts set on the same goal they show distinct product line betwixt their traits and their moral fiber. Brutus is a character of fierce loyalty and nobility towards Rome. He is a man honored and admired by everyone. He gets too command with his pol itical life and doesnt give enough attention or love to his wife. Brutus is also a man of strong pride and self reliance which led to the fate of this tragic hero. Brutus honor is displayed during his speech at Caesars funeral, Who is here is so rude that would not be a roman? If some(prenominal) speak, for him I have offended(3.2.29-32). Although Brutus has strong honor, he is also over confident. This is shown to us when he tries to befriend Antony. O Antony, beg not your death of us Though now we must appear bloody and cruel, as by our hands and this our present act you see we do, yet see you but our hands. And this haemorrhage business they have done(3.1.177-181). Brutus is clouded by his exaggerated poise and can not realize that Antony pull up stakes be livid and will not listen. Brutus could not see the harm being caused, instead he was a man thinking for the good of Rome. Cassius is a character far slight dandy then that of Brutus. Cassius is an envious and co rrupt man who is also politically astute and thinks inward instead of out like Brutus. Cassius motive for killing Julius Caesar is because he is overjealous of Caesars political position and for him to obtain more power.Brutus versus Cassius in Shakespeares Julius Caesar essays research papersBrutus vs. CassiusIn the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare is the story of Julius Caesars death that took place 1500 years ago. Caesar, during the time, was escalading in power and was to become emperor. The public was mostly pleased with having Julius Caesar as their emperor but there were people who were outraged and were determined to stop this from happening. The conspirators, as they were called, were a group made up of senators and men of high status in Rome. The two most important men were Marcus Brutus and Cassius. These two men planned and killed Julius Caesar and later led a civil war against Octavious Caesar, Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus. Although both Brutus and Cas sius had their hearts set on the same goal they show distinct contrast between their traits and their moral fiber. Brutus is a character of fierce loyalty and nobility towards Rome. He is a man honored and admired by everyone. He gets too preoccupied with his political life and doesnt give enough attention or love to his wife. Brutus is also a man of strong pride and self confidence which led to the fate of this tragic hero. Brutus honor is displayed during his speech at Caesars funeral, Who is here is so rude that would not be a Roman? If any speak, for him I have offended(3.2.29-32). Although Brutus has strong honor, he is also over confident. This is shown to us when he tries to befriend Antony. O Antony, beg not your death of us Though now we must appear bloody and cruel, as by our hands and this our present act you see we do, yet see you but our hands. And this bleeding business they have done(3.1.177-181). Brutus is clouded by his exaggerated poise and can not reali ze that Antony will be livid and will not listen. Brutus could not see the harm being caused, instead he was a man thinking for the good of Rome. Cassius is a character far less great then that of Brutus. Cassius is an envious and corrupt man who is also politically astute and thinks inward instead of out like Brutus. Cassius motive for killing Julius Caesar is because he is jealous of Caesars political position and for him to obtain more power.